110-item wordlists for the Italic-Romance group (Indo-European family).

Languages included: Archaic Latin; Late Classical Latin; Megleno Romanian; Istro Romanian;

Aromanian; Romanian; Dalmatian; Friulian; Gardenese Ladin; Fassano Ladin; Rumantsch

Grischun; Sursilvan Romansh; Surmiran Romansh; Vallader Romansh; Lanzo Torinese Piemontese;

Barbania Piemontese; Carmagnola Piemontese; Turinese Piemontese; Vercellese Piemontese;

Bergamo Lombard; Plesio Lombard; Ravennate Romagnol; Ferrarese Emiliano; Carpigiano

Emiliano; Reggiano Emiliano; Rapallo Ligurian; Genoese Ligurian; Stella Ligurian; Venice

Venetian; Primiero Venetian; Bellunese Venetian; Italian, Old; Standard Italian; Grosseto Tuscan

Italian; Foligno Italian; Neapolitan; Logudorese; Campidanese; Palermitan Sicilian; Messinese

Sicilian; Catanian Sicilian; South-Eastern Sicilian; Central Catalan; North-Western Catalan;

Minorcan Catalan; Castelló de la Plana Catalan; Valencia Catalan; Manises Catalan; Castilian

Spanish; Asturian; Standard Portuguese; Galician; Provençal Occitan; Savoyard Franco-Provençal;

French, Old; Standard French; Picard; Walloon.

Latin.

The Archaic Classical Latin list is based on the plays of Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254–184 BC, born

in Sarsina) plays. In difficlult cases the list is supported by data from "De agri cultura" by Marcus

Porcius Cato (234–149 BC, born in Tusculum).

The Late Classical Latin list is based on works by Apuleius (c. 124 – c. 170 AD, born in Madaurus,

Numidia): "Metamorphoses", "Apologia", "Florida", "De dogmate Platonis", "De mundo". (It should

be noted that Apuleius’ mother tongue was probably Phoenician or Greek, but he learned Latin at a

very young age and mastered it to a very high level while living in Rome.) In some particularly

complex cases we have also quoted material from Aulus Gellius’ (c. 125 – after 180 AD, born in

Rome) "Attic Nights", Petronius’ (c. 27 – 66 AD, born in Massalia (Marseille)) "Satyricon", and

Vulgata (translated by St. Jerome, c. 347 – 420 AD, born near Emona, Venetia et Histria).

Abbreviations: Amph. = Amphitruo; Asin. = Asinaria; Aul. = Aulularia; Bac. = Bacchides; Capt. =

Captivi; Cas. = Casina; Cist. = Cistellaria; Curc. = Curculio; Epid = Epidicus; Men. = Menaechmi;

Merc. = Mercator; Mil. = Miles gloriosus; Most. = Mostellaria; Poen. = Poenulus; Pseud. =

Pseudolus; Rud. = Rudens; Trin. = Trinummus; Truc. = Truculentus; Vid. = Vidularia.

Megleno Romanian.

The village named Oșani in Capidan’s works bore the name Ossiani or Xifiani in Greek. On

6/6/1925 it was renamed to Archangelos The village Lugunţa bore the name Lunguntsa and was

renamed to Lankadia / Langadia on 2/3/1926. The village Ţârnareca bore the name Tserna Reka and

was renamed to Karpi on 1/11/1926.

All the verbs are given in the first-person singular present tense form, as in [Capidan 1935].

Capidan’s transcription is transliterated as follows:

[Capidan 1935]

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

dz

ʒ

ts

c

z

s

dž

ǯ

tš

č

j

ž

ș

š

gi

ȡ

chi

ȶ

g

c

k

h

x

m

n

ń

ɲ

r

l

ľ

ʎ

ł

ɫ

u



w

i

y

i

e

ę

ɛ

ă

ə

a

ạ

ɐ

ǫ

ɔ

u

ea

e

a

oa

o

a

V



Vː

V

, V



ˈV

Istro Romanian.

The Istro Romanian language has two main dialects: one spoken in Žejane and the other spoken in

all the rest of the villages located to the South of Žejane. Žejane is separated from the southern

villages by Croatian-speaking territory. There are two mismatches between the Žejane dialect and

the southern dialect (‘far’, ‘leaf’) plus three additional mismatches caused by loanwords in one of

the dialects (‘belly’, ‘dog’ and ‘rain’).

The available sources cover both dialects, and the main source, Kovačec’s dictionary, marks all the

forms precisely with the name of the village where they were written down.

This list is based primarily on the Southern dialect, but Žejane forms are given as well.

The names of Istro Romanian villages are given in their Croatian form, the correspondences

between the Croatian and Istro Romanian names are: Brdo = Bârdo, Jesenovik = Sucodru, Kostrčan

= Costârčan, Nova Vas = Nosolo / Noselo, Šušnjevica = Susńeviţę / Șușńeviţę, Žejane = Žeiân.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Byhan 1899

Glavina 1905

Kovačec 2010

Modified Croatian Orthography

MosLex

b

p

v, w

v

f

d

t

ts

ţ

c

dz

d



dz

ʒ

z

s

tŝ

c before i and

e; cĭ, ci

č

ǧ

đ

ǯ

ẑ, ž

j

ž

ŝ, š

ș

š

ć, t″

ć

ȶ

g

k

c, ch before i

and e

c, k before i

and e

k

ɣ, g

ɣ

g

ɣ

h

x

m

n

ń

nĭ

ń

nj

ɲ

ñ

n

n, ŋ

n

ŋ

r

l

ľ

lĭ

ľ

lj

ʎ

i

ĭ

i

j

y

i

e

ę

ea

ę

ä

o



î, ă

â

ə

a

ǫ

ạ

å

ɒ

o

u

V



V



V



ˈV

1. Sârbu and Frăţilă use the same transcription as Kovačec, the only exception is j instead of ž.

2. The sound g has shifted to ɣ in the Žejane dialect in almost all positions, with the exception of

clusters ŋg and gʎ [Narumov 2001: 659], so they must be regarded as allophones of one phoneme.

This is why there is no difference between g and ɣ in so-called Modified Croatian Orthography.

Aromanian

All the verbs are given in the first-person singular present tense form.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Dalametra

Papahagi

Gołąb

Bara et al.

Cunia

MosLex

b

p

v

f

δ

dh

ð

θ

th

θ

d

t

ţ

c

ţ

ts

c

dz

ʒ

d

dz

ʒ

z

s

c before e, i

č

c before e, i

č

g before e, i

ǧ

ǯ

ǧ

g before e, i

ǯ

j

ž

j

ž

ș

š

ș

sh

š

gh before e, i

ϟ

g’

gh before e, i

ȡ

ch before e, i

k

k’

ch before e, i

ȶ

h

h’

h

ʆ

ɣ

ɣ’

y

ʑ

g

c

k

c

k

ɣ

gh

ɣ

h

x

m

n

nĭ

n’

nj

ɲ

r

l

lĭ

ľ

lj

ʎ

ĭ

i

ĭ

i

y

ŭ

u



u

w

i

e

î

-

ɨ

ă

ə

ā

ã

ə

a

o

u

ea

e

a

oa

o

a

-

-; ŭ after dz, j, ţ, s

u

-

ŭ

-

-; ĭ

i

-

ĭ

-

ə

ā

-

ə



V



V



V



ˈV

-

ˈV

V. Romanian

According to [Lukht & Narumov 2001: 575], the Romanian and Moldavian literary languages are

identical. We have tried to verify this statement by constructing a separate Swadesh list for

Moldavian, based on two large Russian-Moldavian dictionaries [Podiko 1973; Borsh & Zaporozhan

1990]. As may be seen from the listing in the notes section, they do indeed coincide on all 110

points, so there is no reason to separate these idioms from the lexicostatistical point of view.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Modern Romanian orthography

Moldavian Cyrillic orthography

MosLex

b

б

b

p

п

p

v

в

v

f

ф

f

d

д

d

t

т

t

ţ

ц

c

z

з

z

s

с

s

c before e, i

ч

č

g before e, i

ӂ

ǯ

j

ж

ž

ș

ш

š

g, gh before e, i

г

g

k, ch before e, i

к

k

h

х

h

m

м

m

n

н

n

l

л

l

r

р

r

i

й

y

u

у

w

i

и

i

e

е

e

î, â

ы

ɨ

ă

э

ə

a

а

a

o

о

o

u

у

u

ea

я

e

a

oa

оа

o

a

Note: In word-final position, consonants before i become palatalized, in which case i is not

pronounced.

VI. Dalmatian

The majority of Dalmatian data are written down after Antonio Udina, the last native speaker of

Dalmatian. In making this list, we tried to use mainly Udina’s contexts, but if it was necessary, we

also added information from other sources. Prior to being interviewed by researchers, Udina had not

used Dalmatian for a few decades, so his Dalmatian is heavily influenced by Venetian. Taking this

into account, we do not regard the Dalmatian words whose phonetics is partly influenced by

Venetian as borrowings. Examples of such words include nwat ‘night’ or pyat ‘breast’ with -t

instead of -pt in the place of Latin -ct-.

Bartoli’s transcription is transliterated as follows:

Bartoli

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

ż

ʒ

z

c



z

s

ǧ

ǯ

č

g

k

m

n

ń

ɲ

ṅ

ŋ

r

l

ľ

ʎ

u



w

j, i

y

i

e

a

o

u

Note: there is also an allophone of /u/, transcribed by Bartoli as u

ọ.

Friulian

The Friulian language is divided into three dialectal groups: Central-Oriental, Western and Carnian.

Unfortunately, we managed to collect the wordlist only for the common Friulian koine, based on the

Central-Oriental dialect.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Pirona

Modern Orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z

ʒ

z

c

s between two vowels

z

s, ss between two

vowels

s, ss between two vowels

s

z

ǯ

ç, c before e and i

č

gi

gj

ȡ

çh

cj

ȶ

g, gh before e and i

g

c, ch before e and i

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

n

ŋ

r

l

u

w

j

y

i

é, e

e

è

e

ɛ

a

ó, o

o

ò

o

ɔ

u

V



V



Vː

V

, V



V



ˈV

Notes:

1. We use the transcriptional signs ȡ and ȶ for the Friulian sounds designated in modern orthography

as gj and cj, but in fact these sounds are post-palatal/prevelar, not palatal [Narumov & Sukhachev

2001: 371].

2. The short high vowels i and u are normally realized as ɪ and ʊ respectively.

Ladin

Ladin is a language with a high degree of dialectal diversity. Unfortunately, we were unable to

collect full lists for all the dialects; complete lists are available only for Gardenese and Fassano

dialects. However, the notes section on the Gardenese dialect contains partial data on the

corresponding equivalents for the Marebbano, Badiotto, Livinallese, and Nones dialects.

For lexicostatistical discrepancies between the Gardenese and Fassano lists see: ‘black’, ‘hear’,

‘leaf’, ‘lie’, ‘man’, ‘tree’, ‘woman’, ‘snake’.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Gartner

DILF

Forni

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

ts

z

c

z

s between two vowels; ś

in the very beginning of

the word

s between two vowels

z

s

s, ss between two

vowels

s, ss between two

vowels

s

dy

g before e, i

g before e, ë, i

ǯ

tš

c before e, i or at the end

of a word

c before e, ë, i or at the

end of a word

č

ž

j

ž

š

sc before e, i or at the

end of a word

sc before e, ë, i or at the

end of a word

š

tꭓ

c before e, i

c before e, ë, i

ɕ

g

k

c

k

m

n

n, -nn

n

ny

gn

ɲ

ŋ

n

ŋ

r

l

ᵘ

u

w

i

y

i

e

ę

è, e

o

ɛ

a

, ə

-

ë, e

ə

o

ǫ

ò, o

o

ɔ

u

ʋ

-

ü

-



-

ˈV

Romansh

The Romansh language has five main dialects: Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran, Puter, Vallader, and

the literary language (Rumantsch Grischun). Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect the lists

for Sutsilvan and Puter.

For the discrepancies between the lists see: ‘burn’, ‘eat’, ‘feather’, ‘hear’, ‘kill’, ‘mountain’, ‘not’,

‘person’, ‘that’, ‘tree’, ‘woman’, ‘yellow’, ‘near’.

Romansh orthography is transliterated as follows:

Romansh orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z

c

s between vowels

z

s; ss between vowels

s

g before e and i

ǯ

tsch

č

sch; s before a voiced consonant

ž

sch; s before a voiceless consonant

š

tg

ȶ

ch, tg (Grischun)

ɕ

g

c

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

ng

ŋ

r

l

gl

ʎ

u

w

j, i

y

i

e

e, è

ɛ

u

ʊ

a

o

ɔ

u

-, V



ˈV

Piemontese

The Piemontese language has two main dialects: High Piemontese (divided into Turinese, Canavese,

Biellese, Langarolo, Monferrino and other dialects) and Low Piemontese [Chelysheva 2001: 95].

Unfortunately, we were unable to collect lists for all these dialects. We only present the lists for the

idioms of Lanzo Torinese, Barbania and Carmagnola (close subdialects of the Turinese dialect) and

the Vercellese dialect, which is sometimes claimed as transitional between Piemontese and Lombard

below.

For discrepancies between the lists see ‘bark’, ‘big’, ‘breast’, ‘many’, ‘swim’, ‘tree’, ‘what’,

‘woman’, ‘heavy’, ‘wind’.

Piemontese orthography is transliterated as follows:

Piemontese orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z, s between two vowels

z

s

g before e, i

ǯ

c before e, i

č

g; -gh

g

c; -ch

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

n; n-

ŋ

r

l

u

w

j, i

y

i

u

ü

é

e

è

ɛ

eu

ö

ë

ə

a

ó

o

ò

ɔ

o

u

V

, V



ˈV

Note: Mr. Noris gave all the forms in the IPA transcription, so we do not discuss the forms in

Piemontese orthography for the Vercellese dialect.

Lombard

The Lombard language is divided into many dialects. Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect

the full list for all the dialects, so we only present the lists for the Bergamo dialect and the dialect of

Plesio below.

For discrepancies between the lists see ‘bark’, ‘big’, ‘bite’, ‘dry’, ‘kull’, ‘stone’, ‘woman’, ‘heavy’,

‘snake’, ‘thin’.

The Lombard orthography is transliterated as follows:

Lombard orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z

c

z

s

g before e, i

ǯ

c before e, i or on the end

of word

č

sc before e, i

š

g

c

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

n before consonants

ŋ

r

l

CC

Cː

u before vowels

w

i

y

i

ü

e, é

e

e, è

ɛ

a

o, ó

o

ò

ɔ

u

V

, V



ˈV

Note: In word-final position, consonants become devoiced.

Emiliano-Romagnol

Emiliano-Romagnol is divided into Emilian and Romagnol dialect groups, with many dialects and

subdialects in every group.

For discrepancies between the lists see ‘bark’, ‘big’, ‘bite’, ‘breast’, ‘cold’, ‘feather’, ‘head’, ‘kill’,

‘lie’, ‘many’, ‘not’, ‘person’, ‘rain’, ‘stone’, ‘swim’, ‘what’, ‘thin’, ‘worm’.

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Ercolani

Modern Orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

ẓ

z

ʒ

z



c

ş

ś

z

s



s

g before e, i

ǯ

c before e, i; cc on the

end of the word

c before e, i; ć

(Carpigiano); ç

(Reggiano)

č

g

c

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

n

ŋ

r

l

j

i

y

i

e

é

e

ē

eː

ê

-

eə



é

-

ẽ

è

ɛ

ë

-

ɛə



a

â

-

ã

ó

o

ô

ou

ow

ò

ɔ

ö

-

ɔə



u

-

V



Vː

Ligurian

The Ligurian language is divided into four dialects: Intemelio, Western, Genoese, and Cinque Terre.

Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect the full list for all the dialects, so we only present the

lists for the Genoese dialect, the Rapallo subdialect, and the dialect of Stella below.

For discrepancies between the lists see ‘breast’, ‘feather’, ‘lie’, ‘many’, ‘mountain’, ‘person’, ‘rain’,

‘sand’, ‘warm’, ‘snake’.

The Ligurian orthographies are transliterated as followsː

Ligurian orthographies

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z

ʒ

z

c

s

z

s, ç

s

g before e, i, æ

ǯ

c before e, i, æ

č

x

ž

sci

š

g

c

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

-n

ŋ

r

l

u, ou before vowels

w

ü before vowels

ɥ

j, i

y

CC

Cː

i

ü

é

e

ê

eː

è

ɛ

eu; ö

ö

æ

ä

a

o

ô

oː

ò

ɔ

ö

ɔː

u; ǒ

u

V



Vː

Note: Mr. Fasce gave all the forms in the IPA transcription, so we do not discuss the forms in

Ligurian orthography for the Rapallo dialect.

Venetian

The Venetian language is divided into Central Venetian (Padua, Vicenza, Polesine), North-Eastern

Venetian (Treviso, Feltre, Belluno), Western Venetian (Verona), Trentinian, Venetian Proper

(Venice) and different "colonial" dialects [Chelysheva 2001: 116]. Although we have lists for

different dialects, most of them don’t demonstrate significant differences in the 110-item list. The

dialects, which really stand out, are the Bellunese one and the Primiero one (the subdialect of

Bellunese). So we present three Venetian lists below: common Venetian, Bellunese and Primiero.

The Venetian orthography is transliterated as follows:

Venetian orthographies

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

đ (Primiero dialect)

ð

ẑ (Primiero dialect)

θ

z

c

x; z

z

s; ç

s

g before e, i

ǯ

c before e, i

č

g; gh before e, i

g

c; ch before e, i

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

n on the end of a syllable

or a word

ŋ

r

l

u

w

i

y

ł

ɰ; e



i

e; é

e

è

ɛ

a

o; ó

o

ò

ɔ

u

V

, V



ˈV

Note 1: the letters {x} and {z} are used for the sound z in different variants of the Venetian

orthography. Some informants prefer the first (more traditional) variant, some prefer the second

(more similar to the Italian orthography).

Note 2: the pronunciation of {ł} can vary depending on dialect.

Italian

We present the lists for Dante’s Italian, Standard Italian, the Tuscan dialect of Grosseto and the

Umbrian dialect of Foligno.

Dante’s Italian wordlist is based on Dante Alighieri’s works. Dante (1265-1321, born in Florence) is

considered the father of the literary Italian language. The main source for the wordlist was the

Divine Comedy (1306-1321), but in some difficult cases we have also consulted Dante’s minor

works written in Italian (Vita nuova, Convivio, Il Fiore, Rime, Detto d’Amore). For the examples,

we have chosen to use Longfellow’s translation of Divine Comedy which is closest to the original,

being a nearly literal translation. In the most ambiguous cases we resort to the aid of Petrarch’s

(1304-1374, born in Arezzo) poems and Boccaccio’s (1313-1375, born in Florence) prose.

All of Dante’s works are available online in Italian and English at Princeton Dante Project:

http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/pdp

Longfellow’s translation of the Divine Comedy may be found at Project Gutenberg:

http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1004/pg1004.html

Abbreviations: Inf. = Inferno; Purg. = Purgatorio; Par. = Paradiso; VN = Vita nuova; Conv. =

Convivio; Dec. = Decameron.

The Italian orthography is transliterated as follows:

Italian orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z

ʒ

z

c

s

z

s

g before e, i

ǯ

c before e, i

č

sc before e, i

š

g

c

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

n before g,c

ŋ

r

l

gl

ʎ

CC

Cː

u

w

i

y

i

e

ɛ

a

o

ɔ

u

Neapolitan

Unlike the lects of Northern Italy, Neapolitan dialects do not feature as many discrepancies between

them in the Swadesh list. For this reason, we prepared only one list for Neapolitan.

The Neapolitan orthography is transliterated as follows:

Neapolitan orthography

MosLex

b

p

v between two vowels

β

v

f

d

t

d between two vowels

ɾ

z

c

s

g before e, i

ǯ

c before e, i

š

cc before e, i

čː

g

c

k

g between two vowels

ɣ

m

n

gn

ɲ

n before g, c

ŋ

r

l

gl

ʎ

CC

Cː

u

w

j

y

i

e

e, ɛ

unstressed e, o;

unstressed a on the end of

a word

ə

a

o

o, ɔ

u

V

, V



ˈV

Although the Neapolitan orthography does not make any distinctions between open and closed

vowels, the relevant information was provided to us by the informants.

Logudorese

There is no consensus as to the dialectal division of Logudorese [Narumov 2001: 161]. According to

the Glottolog scheme, Logudorese Sardinian is divided into Barbaricino, Northwestern Logudorese

and Southwestern Logudorese. Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect the full lists for all the

dialects, so only the list for the Barbaricino dialect is provided.

The Logudorese orthography is transliterated as follows:

Logudorese orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

th

θ

dz

ʒ

z

c

s

dd

ɖː

j

ž

g

c

k

m

n

r

l

i

y

CC

Cː

i

e

a

o

u

V



ˈV

Campidanese

Campidanese Sardinian is divided into Western Campidanese, Sub-Barbaricino, Ogliastrino, Central

Campidanese, Sarrabense, Sulcitano, and Cagliari dialects (South Campidanese) [Narumov 2001:

161]. Unfortunately, we had no possibility to collect full lists for all the dialects. The list for the

Cagliari dialect serves as our primary object of comparison; additionally, the notes section also

include data on the Domus de Maria subdialect.

The Campidanese orthography is transliterated as follows:

Campidanese

orthography

MosLex

b

p

b

β

v

f

d

t

d

ð

z

c

s

g before e, i

ž, ǯ

c before e, i

č

x

ž

sc

š

g

c

k

g

ɣ

m

n

r

l

CC

Cː

u

w

i

y

i

e

e, ɛ

a

o

o, ɔ

u

-

ˈV

Although the Campidanese orthography does not make any distinctions between open and closed

vowels, they do exist; the information was provided by Mr. Pintus and Mrs. Fadda.

Sicilian

Below we present the lists for Palermitan, Messinese, Catanian and South-Eastern (comprises the

lists for the dialects of Ragusa and Agrigento) dialects, which slightly differ from each over, see

‘big’, ‘burn’, ‘feather’, ‘lie’, ‘man’, ‘rain’, ‘small’, ‘tree’, ‘warm’, ‘snake’.

Although Buscemi is geographically closer to Ragusa and Agrigente, the Buscemese list was added

to the Palermitan comments due to its close resemblance (only three items differ: ‘man’, ‘rain’ and

‘tree’).

The Sicilian orthography is transliterated as follows:

Sicilian orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z

c

s

dd

ɖː

dr

ɖr

tr

ʈɽ

rr

ʐ; rː (depending on dialect)

str

ʂɽ

g before e, i

ǯ

c before e, i

č

sc before e, i

š

g

c

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

n before c, g

ŋ

r

ɾ

l

CC

Cː

u before a vowel

w

i before a vowel

y

i

i (unstressed and non-

initial)

ɨ (Messinese dialect)

e

ɛ

a

o

ɔ

u

V



ˈV

Catalan

The Catalan language is divided into two major groups of dialects: eastern (Northern, Central,

Balearic and Algherese dialects) and western (North-Western and Valencian dialects). The Maon

Minorcan subdialect belongs to the Balearic dialect, the subdialects of Castelló de la Plana, Valencia

and Manises belong to the Valencian dialect. The subdialects of Les Garrigues and Oliana belong to

the North-Western dialect.

Catalan orthography is transliterated as follows:

Catalan orthography (Central Catalan

pronunciation)

MosLex

v, b in the beginning of a word or after m

b

v, b

β

p

f

d in the beginning of a word or after n, m, l

d

ð

t

s between two vowels or before a voiced

consonant

z

s; ss between two vowels; ç; c before e, i

s

tg

ǯ

tx

č

j

ž

x

š

g in the beginning of a word or after ŋ, m

g

ɣ

c

k

m

n

ny

ɲ

n

ŋ

r

ɾ

rr, r at the beginning of a word

r

l

ɫ

ll

ʎ

u

w

i

y

i

e

ɛ

unstressed e and a

ə

a

o

ɔ

u, unstressed o

u

-

ˈV

Note: In word-final position, consonants become devoiced.

The transcription for Central Catalan, Minorcan and Les Garrigues dialects was made by Mr. Alòs i

Font, Mr. Cardona and Mr. Montagut respectively.

Spanish

Spanish orthography is transliterated as follows:

Spanish orthography

MosLex

b, v in the beginning of a word or

after n, m

b

p

b

β

f

d in the beginning of a word or after

n, l

d

t

d

ð

c before e, i; z

θ

s before a voiced consonant

z

s

ch

č

g in the beginning of a word or after

n, but not before e, i; gu before e, i

g

qu before e, i; c

k

g

ɣ

j; g before e, i

x

m

n

ñ

ɲ

n before c, g

ŋ

rr or r in the beginning of a word

r

ɾ

l

ll

ʎ

y

ʑ

u, ü

w

i

y

i

e

a

o

u

V



ˈV

Asturian

The Asturian language uses Spanish orthography. The main difference is that the letter x is used for

the sound š. Apart from that, there are no sounds β, ð and ɣ.

Standard Portuguese

The pronunciation and semantics are restricted to Portugal Portuguese language (especially in its

Lisboa variant).

Portuguese orthography is transliterated as follows:

Portuguese orthography

MosLex

b

p

b between two vowels

β

v

f

d

t

d between two vowels

ð

z, s between two vowels

z

s; ss; ç

s

j; g before e, i; s before a voiced consonant

ž

ch; z, s in the end of a word or before an

unvoiced consonant

š

g; gu before e, i

g

c; qu before e, i

k

g between two vowels

ɣ

m

n

nh

ɲ

n before g, c

ŋ

rr; word initially; after l, n

ʁ

r

ɾ

l

word finally; before a consonant

ɫ

lh

ʎ

u

w

i

y

i; unstressed e word initially

i

in, im

ĩ

e, é

e

e, ê

ɛ

en, em

ẽ

unstressed e in the word-final position or

before a consonant

ə

stressed a

a

unstressed a; stressed a before m, n, nh; e

before ɲ, ʎ, ž, š, y

ɐ

an, am

ɐ



ãe, em, ens word finally

ɐ

y



ão, am word finally

ɐ

w

o, ó

o

o, ô

ɔ

on, om

õ

u; unstressed o

u

um

ũ

ui

ũy



-

ˈV

Galician

The Galician orthography is transliterated as follows:

Galician orthography

MosLex

b, v

b

p

b, v between two vowels

β

f

d

t

d between two vowels

ð

z; c before e, i

θ

s

ch

č

x

š

g

c

k

g between two vowels

ɣ

m

n

ñ

ɲ

nh; n word finally

ŋ

rr, r word initially

r

ɾ

l

ll

ʎ

eu

ew

ou

ow

ei

ey

oi

oy

i

e

ɛ

a

o

ɔ

u

-

ˈV

Occitan

The Provençal dialect belongs to the southern Occitan dialects, besides the Languedocian dialect

[Lobodanov, Morozova, Chelysheva 2001: 280].

Coupier’s transcription is transliterated as follows:

Coupier

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

s between two vowels

z

s; ss; ç; c before e, i

s

j

ǯ

ch

č

g

c

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

before g, c; word finally

ŋ

rr; word initaially; after n,

l, s, z

ʁ

r

ɾ

l

u

w

i

y

i

u

ü

e

è

ɛ

a

o

ò

ɔ

ou

u

V

, V



ˈV

Note: In word-final position, consonants become devoiced.

Franco-Provençal

The following transliterational chart covers our principal sources:

Viret’s transcription

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

zh

ð

sh

θ

z

s; s between two vowels

s

dj

ǯ

j

ž

ch

š

g

k

m

n

ny

ɲ

r

l

ly

ʎ

w

i

y

i

u

ü

é

e

eu

ö

ê, è

ɛ

eu

œ

a

ô

o

ɔ

ou

u

ihn

ĩ

in

ɛ

an

ã

on

ɔ

circumflex sign

Vː

-

ˈV

French

Here we present the lists for Chrétien de Troyes’ Old French and Modern Standard French.

Chrétien de Troyes (1130-1191) is the author of five poems: Erec and Enide; Cligès; Yvain, the

Knight of the Lion; Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart; Perceval, the Story of the Grail. Full texts are

available at http://www.atilf.fr/dect. English translation of the first four poems can be found at

http://omacl.org.

Old French words are transcribed according to XII century French phonetics sketch made by E.

Einhorn [Einhorn 1999: 2-13]. The Old French orthography is transliterated as follows:

Old French orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z; c before e, i

c

s between two vowels

z

s; ss between two vowels

s

j; g before e, i

ǯ

ch

č

g, gu before e, i

g

c; qu before e, i

k

m

n

gn; ng word finally

ɲ

n before c, g

ŋ

r

l

il, ill

ʎ

u after vowel

w

u before vowel

ɥ

i

y

i

u

ü

e

e, eː

e

ɛ

e

ə

a

o

o, oː

o

ɔ

ai

ey

oi

oy

en

ãn

-

ˈV

Note: vowels before m and n become nasalized.

Standard French orthography is transliterated as follows:

French orthography

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z, s between two vowels

z

s; ss; ç

s

j; g before e, i

ž

ch

š

g; gu before e, i

g

c; qu before e, i

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

n before g, c

ŋ

r

ʁ

l

u before a voweil

ɥ

i, ill

y

i

u, û

ü

e, é

e

e, ê, ai

ɛ

in, im, ein not before a

vowel

ɛ

eu, œu

œ, ö

un

œ

unstressed e in some

positions

ə

a, à

a, ɑ

en, em, an, am

ɑ

o, ó, au, eau

o

o, ô

ɔ

on, om

ɔ

ou

u

oi

wa

Picard

The Picard words are written in the Feller-Carton orthography, which is based on that of Standard

French. The main discrepancies are: pronunciation of en as ɛ; use of the letter k before e and i for the

sound k; use of the trigraph tch for č; use of oé for the diphthong we.

Walloon

The Walloon orthographies are transliterated as follows:

Transinne (Feller orthography)

Rifondou

MosLex

b

p

v

f

d

t

z

s; з; ss between two vowels; c

before e, i

s; з; ss between two

vowels; c before e, i

s

sc

sch

sk

dj, g before e, i

ǯ

tch

č

j

jh

ž

ch

xh

š

-

xh word finally

ʆ

g

c, k

k

m

n

gn

ɲ

r

ʀ

l

w

y

h

i

u

ü

é, e

e

ê

ea

ɛː

eu

ö

è, e

ɛ

eu

œ

a

-

е

ɔː

ô, aw

ô

o

ɔ

ou

u

-

oe

wɛ

aw

е

aw

an, am

ã

in

ɛ

-

én

ẽ

on

ɔ

circumflex sign

Vː

Note 1: Consonants in word-final position become voiceless.

Note 2: Vowels ü and i (in Rifondou only i) are lost in the first syllable if a preceding word ends in a

vowel, cf. {in ptit gamin} "a small boy" and {ene pitite gamine} "a small girl".

References & sources (general)

Beekes 2010 = Beekes R. S. P. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Chelysheva 2001 = Челышева И. И.. Диалекты Италии [Chelysheva, I. I. The dialects of

Italia]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, 91-145 // A grammar sketch of

the Italian lects.

Haiman & Benincà 1992 = Haiman J., Benincà P. The Rhaeto-Romance languages. London, New

York: Routledge. // A sketch of Romansh, Ladin and Friulian languages.

Orel 1998 = Orel, Vladimir. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden/Boston/Köln: Brill. // One of

the latest major reference works on Albanian etymology. Contains important original work

on the reconstruction of Proto-Albanian and its external connections, with references to

etymological research of all of the author’s predecessors.

Prati 1951 = Prati A. Vocabolario etimologico italiano. Torino: Tip. Ditta Fratelli Pozzo.

Walde & Hofmann 1938 = Walde A., Hofmann J. B. Lateinisches Etymologisches

Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung.

References & sources (Romance lexicostatistics)

Blažek V. Balkano-románské jazyky: lexikostatistický test. In: Linguistica Brunensia, LX, 1–2,

2012, s. 61–83. // A lexicostatistical classification of Balkan-Romance languages based on

the same principles as in Blažek’s previous article; wordlists for Romanian, Moldavian,

Arumanian, Megleno Romanian, and Istro Romanian are included in the article.

Guţu-Romalo V. Stabilirea datei de separaţie a aromînei de dacoromînă cu ajutorul glotocronologiei.

In: Studii și cercetări lingvistice, 10/4, 1959, pp. 576-584. // First ever publication on

Balkan-Romance lexicostatistics.

Kroeber A. L. Romance history and glottochronology. In: Language, Vol. 34, No 4, 1958, pp. 454-

457. // A response to Rea’s article.

Novotná P., Blažek V. Rétorománské jazyky – přehled a klasifikace. In: Linguistica Brunensia,

LVII, 2008, s. 15-32. // An attempt at a lexicostatistical classification of the Rheto-Romance

languages, using Sergei Starostin’s recalibrated glottochronology, but not such a strict

approach to semantics as employed in the MosLex; wordlists for Standard Italian,

Rumantsch Grischun, Friulian, and Dolomito Ladin are included in the article.

Rea J.A. Concerning the Validity of Lexicostatistics In: International Journal of American

Linguistics, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1958, pp. 145-150. // A critical review of the lexicostatistical

method on the basis of eight Romance languages (French, Spanish, Romanian, Catalan,

Italian, Sardinian, Portuguese, Rheto-Romance), wordlists for all of whom are included into

the article.

References & sources (Latin)

All Latin texts are available at the Latin Library: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com.

Quotations from Plautus’ texts are given in the English translation done by H. T. Riley (available at:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/), with the exception of Vidularia which was translated

by P. Nixon (available at:

http://www.archive.org/stream/plautuswithengli05plauuoft#page/336/mode/2up).

Cato’s De agri cultura is quoted in W. D. Hooper’s and H. B. Ash’s translation (available at:

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De

Agricultura/home.html).

Quotations from "Metamorphoses" are given in the English translation done by A. S. Kline

(available at: http://www.poetryintranslation.com/klineasapuleius.htm), which is written in a

more modern language than the сlassic translation by W. Adlington (1566). "Apology" was

translated by H. E. Butler (available at:

http://www.chieftainsys.freeserve.co.uk/apuleius

apology01.htm), "Florida" is quoted

according to http://www.attalus.org/translate/florida.html.

Translation of "Attic Nights" (books 1-13) can be found at

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/home.html; books 14-20 are

available in an older translation:

https://archive.org/stream/atticnightsaulu02gellgoog#page/n335/mode/2up.

The English translation of "Satyricon" is available at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5225/5225-

h/5225-h.htm.

The text of the Bible is quoted according to Contemporary English Version (1999), available at:

http://www.biblĳa.net/biblĳa.cgi?l=en.

Kroonen 2013 = Kroonen, G. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden, Boston: Brill.

Lewis & Short 1958 = Lewis, Ch., Short, Ch. A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Normanskaya 2005 = Норманская, Ю. В. Генезис и развитие системы цветообозначений в

древних индоевропейских языках [Normanskaya Yu. V. The genesis and development of

colour designations system in the ancient Indo-European languages]. М.: Спорт и культура

// A series of etymological sketches on colour names in Indo-European languages, including

Latin.

OLD 1968 = Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press // A comprehensive

dictionary of the Latin language.

Passera 1998 = Passera, E. The semantic evolution of the late Latin terms domina, femina and mulier

in the Italian language. // Quaderni d’italianistica, XIX, 2, 1998, 105-125.

Solopov 2007 = Солопов, А. И. Цветообозначения в латинском языке [Solopov A. I., Colour

designations in the Latin langugae]. In: Наименования цвета в индоевропейских языках.

М.: КомКнига, 2007, 66-76 // A short description of colour designations in Latin.

De Vaan 2008 = De Vaan, M. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages,

Leiden, Boston: Brill.

References & sources (Megleno Romanian).

Capidan 1925 = Capidan, Th. Meglenoromânii. Istoria și graiul lor. București: Cultura Națională. //

A grammar sketch of the Megleno Romanian language.

Capidan 1928 = Capidan, Th. Meglenoromânii. Literatura populară la meglenoromâni. București:

Cultura Națională. // Megleno Romanian texts (folk songs, fairy tales, riddles and proverbs).

Capidan 1935 = Capidan, Th. Meglenoromânii. Dicționar meglenoromân. București: Cultura

Națională. // Megleno Romanian-Romanian dictionary.

References & sources (Istro Romanian)

Byhan 1899 = Byhan, A. Istrorumänisches Glossar. In: Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische

Sprache 6. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, S. 174-396. // A concise Istro Romanian-

German dictionary.

Glavina 1905 = Glavina, A. Calindaru lu rumeri din Istrie. București. // Contains concise Istro

Romanian-Romanian vocabulary, which includes the words absent from Romanian or which

phonetically differ from Romanian (as a rule, with rhotacism n > r).

Kovačec 1998 = Kovačec, A. Istrorumunjsko-Hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima). Pula:

Znanstvena udruga Mediteran. // Istro Romanian-Croatian dictionary.

Kovačec 2010 = Kovačec, A. Istrorumunjsko-Hrvatski rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima).

Available at: http://www.vlaski-zejanski.com/Resursi-i-biblioteke/rjecnik. // Electronic

version of the Istro Romanian-Croatian dictionary [Kovačec 1998].

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Истрорумынский язык/диалект [Narumov B.P. Istro Romanian

language/dialect]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 656-671. // A

grammar sketch of the Istro Romanian language.

Sârbu & Frăţilă 1998 = Sârbu, R.; Frăţilă, V. Dialectul istroromân. Texte și glosar. Timișoara. //

Istro Romanian texts written down primarily at Žejane, and the glossary based on it.

Contains about 2500 entries.

Weigand 1894 = Weigand, G. Istrisches. In: Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache 1.

Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, S. 122-155. // Istro Romanian texts.

Weigand 1894 = Weigand, G. Nachträge zu vorstehendem Glossar. In: Jahresbericht des Instituts

für rumänische Sprache 6. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, S. 397-398. // Some remarks on

Byhan’s glossary.

Texts recorded in the framework of the project Očuvanje vlaškog i žejanskog jezika / Očuvęj vlåška

și žejånska limba. Available at: http://www.vlaski-zejanski.com. // A database of Istro

Romanian texts with original audios and translations into English and Croatian.

References & sources (Aromanian)

Bara et al. 2005 = Бара, М.; Каль, Т.; Соболев, А.Н. Южноаромынский говор села Турья

(Пинд). Синтаксис, лексика, этнолингвистика, тексты. [Bara M., Kahl T., Sobolev

A.N. A southern Aromanian dialect of Turia village (Pind). Syntax, vocabulary,

ethnolinguistics, texts.] München. // Materials of the 2002 expedition to the village where

one of the southern dialects is spoke.

Capidan 1932 = Capidan, Th. Aromânii. Dialectul aromân. Studiu lingvistic. București. // Grammar

sketch of the Aromanian language.

Cunia 2010 = Cunia, T. Dictsiunar a limbãljelei armãneascã. Available at:

https://archive.org/details/DictsiunarArmanescuDec2008. // Large Aromanian explanatory

dictionary, based mainly on Papahagi’s dictionary.

Dalametra 1906 = Dalametra, I. Dicţionar macedo-român. București. // Concise Aromanian-

Romanian dictionary.

Gołąb 1984 = Gołąb, Z. The Aromanian dialect of Kruševo in SR Macedonia SFR Yugoslavia.

Skopje. // Brief Aromanian-English glossary, collected by Z. Gołąb in 1968 in Kruševo,

where the Gramustean dialect is spoken.

Papahagi 1963 = Papahagi, T. Dicţionarul dialectului aromîn general și etimologic. București. //

Comprehensive Aromanian-Romanian / French dictionary.

References & sources (Romanian)

Andronescu 1964 = Andronescu Ș. Dicționar romîn-englez. New York: Saphrograph. // Romanian-

English dictionary.

Bolocan et al. 1985 = Bolocan, Gh.; Voronţova, T.; Șodolescu-Silvestru, E. Dicţionar rus-român.

București: Editura Știinţifică și Enciclopedică. // Large Russian-Romanian dictionary.

Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990 = Борш, А.; Запорожан, И. Дикционар рус-молдовенеск [Borsh, A.,

Zaporozhan, I. Russian-Moldavian dictionary]. Кишинэу: Редакция принчипалэ а

енчиклопедией советиче молдовенешть. // Large Russian-Moldavian dictionary (about

30 000 words).

Ciorănescu 2007 = Ciorănescu A. Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române. București: Editura

Saeculum I. O. // Romanian etymological dictionary.

Ciorănescu 2015 = Ciorănescu A. Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române. Available at

http://www.dex.ro. // Electronic version of the Romanian etymological dictionary

[Ciorănescu 2007].

DEaLR 2012 = Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române. București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold. //

Romanian explanatory dictionary.

DEaLR 2015 = Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române. Available at http://www.dex.ro. //

Electronic version of the Romanian explanatory dictionary [DEaLR 2012].

DER 2004 = Dicționar englez-român. București: Univers Enciclopedic. // Comprehensive English-

Romanian dictionary.

Gancz 2015 = Information provided by Mr. Andrei Gancz, who was so kind as to fill the

questionnaire and comment on some sophisticated cases.

Lukht & Narumov 2001 = Лухт, Л. И.; Нарумов, Б. П. Румынский язык [Lukht, L. I, Narumov, B.

P. Romanian language]. // Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 574-636. // A

grammar sketch of the Romanian language.

Podiko 1973 = Подико, М. В. Русско-молдавский словарь [Podiko, M. V. Russian-Moldavian

dictionary]. Кишинев: Картя Молдовеняскэ. // Large Russian-Moldavian dictionary (about

35 000 words).

References & sources (Dalmatian)

Bartoli 2002 = Bartoli, M. G. Il Dalmatico: Resti di un’antica lingua romanza parlata da Veglia a

Ragusa e sua collocazione nella Romània appennino-balcanica. Roma: Instituto della

Enciclopedia Italiana. // The main source of our knowledge about Dalmatian. Comprises not

only Bartoli’s own notes, but also notes made by other scholars of Dalmatian (G. Cubich, A.

Zonca, P. Petris, A. Adelmann, M. Celebrini, A. Ive and T. Burada) and data from ancient

Dalmatian manuscripts.

Repina & Narumov 2001 = Репина Т. А.; Нарумов, Б. П. Далматинский язык [Lukht, L. I,

Narumov, B. P. Romanian language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia,

pp. 681-694. // A grammar sketch of the Dalmatian language.

References & sources (Friulian)

Decorte 2015 and Virili 2015 = Information kindly provided by Mr. Andrea Decorte (Palmanova)

and Mrs. Astrid Virili (Udine), who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where

necessary.

Narumov & Sukhachev 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П.; Сухачёв, Н. Л. Фриульский язык [Narumov, B.

P., Sukhachev, N. L. Friulian language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia,

pp. 365-391. // A grammar sketch of the Friulian language.

Pirona 1871 = Pirona V. Vocabolario friulano. Venezia: Stabilimento Antonelli. // Large Friulian-

Italian dictionary.

References & sources (Ladin)

DILF 2001 = Dizionario Italiano – Ladino Fassano. Vigo di Fassa. // Large Italian-Fassano and

Fassano-Italian dictionary.

Forni 2013 = Forni, M. Dizionario Italiano-Ladino Gardenese. Dizioner Ladin de Gherdëina-

Talian. San Martino in Badia: Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü. // Comprehensive Italian-

Gardenese and Gardenese-Italian dictionary.

Forni 2015 = Forni, M. Dizionario Italiano-Ladino Gardenese. Dizioner Ladin de Gherdëina-

Talian. Available at: http://forniita.ladinternet.it. // Electronic version of the Italian-

Gardenese and Gardenese-Italian dictionary [Forni 2013].

Gartner 1923 = Gartner, Th. Ladinische Wörter aus den Dolomitentälern. – Halle: Verlag von Max

Niemeyer. // Gardenese-German and German-Gardenese dictionary with some additional

information on Marebbano, Badiotto, Livinallese and Nones dialects.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Ладинский язык [Narumov, B. P. Ladin language]. In: Языки

мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 392-410. // A grammar sketch of the Ladin

language.

Pleteršnik 2014 = Pleteršnik M. Slovensko-nemški slovar, Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. Available at:

http://www.fran.si/136/maks-pletersnik-slovensko-nemski-slovar // Slovene-German

dictionary.

References & sources (Romansh)

Schmid 2015, Conrad 2015, Cadruvi 2015, Vital 2015 = The majority of data was provided by Mr.

Lino Schmid (Rumantsch Grischun and Surmiran dialect), Mrs. Maria Cadruvi (Sursilvan

dialect), Mr. Giancarlo Conrad and Mrs. Bettina Vital (Vallader dialect), and who kindly

agreed to fill in the questionnaire and gave some further comments on Romansh.

Decurtins 2001 = Decurtins, A. Niev vocabulari romontsch: surslivan-tudestg. Chur: Legat Anton

Cadonau. // Comprehensive German-Sursilvan and Sursilvan-German dictionary.

Decurtins 2015 = Decurtins, A. Niev vocabulari romontsch: surslivan-tudestg. Available at:

ttp://www.vocabularisursilvan.ch // Electronic version of the German-Sursilvan and

Sursilvan-German dictionary [Decurtins 2001].

Pallioppi & Pallioppi 1895 = Pallioppi, Z.; Pallioppi, E. Dizionari dels idioms romauntschs

d’Engiadin’ ota e bassa, della Val Mstair, da Bravuogen e Filisur. Samedan: Stamperia da

Simon Tanner. // Large Romansh-German dictionary (Puter and Vallader dialects).

Sukhachev & Gorenko 2001 = Сухачёв, Н. Л.; Горенко, Г. М. Ретороманский язык [Sukhachev,

N. L, Gorenko, B. P. Rhaeto-Romance language]. In: Языки мира. Романские

языки. М.: Academia, pp. 335-391. // A grammar sketch of the Romansh language.

There are also on-line dictionaries of Romansh (http://www.pledari.ch/ ;

http://www.udg.ch/dicziunari/vallader/impressum ;

http://www.udg.ch/dicziunari/puter/impressum), but we did not use them in our work.

References & sources (Piemontese)

Gisolo 2015, Fiandro 2015, 2016, Senero 2015, Davico 2016, Noris 2015 = Most of the information

was provided by Mr. Paolo Gisolo (Lanzo Torinese dialect), Mr. Federico Fiandro (Barbania

dialect), Mr. Giuseppe Senero (Carmagnola dialect), Mr. Loris Davico (Turinese dialect) and

Mr. Maurizio Noris (Vercellese dialect), who were so kind to fill the questionnaire and

comment on some sophisticated cases.

Brero 1976 = Brero, C. Vocabolario Italiano-Piemontese. Torino: Editrice Piemonte in Bancarella.

// Short Italian-Piemontese dictionary.

There are also on-line and self-made dictionaries of Piemontese

(http://www.piemunteis.it/dep/dizionario.dep ; ttp://www.piemonteis.com ;

http://www.piemondo.it/dizionario-della-lingua-tedesca-e-piemontese.html), but we did not

use them in our work.

References & sources (Lombard)

Selva 2015, Garlini 2015 = Most of the information was provided by Mr. Bruno Garlini (Bergamo

dialect) and Mr. Franco Selva (Plesio dialect), who were so kind to fill the questionnaire and

comment on some complicated cases.

References & sources (Emiliano-Romagnol)

Ercolani 1960 = Ercolani L. Vocabolario romagnolo-italiano. Monte di Ravenna. // Dictionary of

the Ravennate dialect (Romagnol).

Piacentini 2015, Sacchi 2015, Chertein 2015, Pucci 2015 = The majority of information was kindly

provided by Mr. Diego Piacentini (Ferrarese dialect, Emiliano), Mrs. Gloria Sacchi

(Carpigiano dialect, Emiliano), Mr. Gabriele Chertein (Reggiano dialect, Emiliano) and Mr.

Alessandro Pucci (Marchigiano dialect, Romagnol), who filled the questionnaire and gave

comments where necessary. Unfortunately Mr. Pucci’s idiolect is highly influenced by

literary Italian, so we don’t have enough material to make a separate Marchigiano list and

have to give only some Marchigiano forms in the comments to the Ravennate dialect.

References & sources (Ligurian)

Fasce 2015, Parodi 2015, Piccone 2015 = All the data were provided by Mr. Maurizio Fasce, a

native speaker of the Rapallo subdialect, which is very close to the Genoese dialect, Mr.

Piero Parodi, a native speaker of the Genoese dialect, and Mr. Antonello Piccone, a native

speaker of the Stella dialect (Province of Savona), who kindly agreed to fill in the

questionnaire and gave some further comments on Ligurian.

References & sources (Venetian)

Tosi 2015; Gasparini 2015; Tre 2015; Melon 2015; Busato 2015; Poletto 2015; Cortiana 2015;

Ricchieri 2015; Clementi 2015; Pezzin 2015; Zanetti 2015; Gaio 2015; Caneve 2015 = The

data provided by Mr. Leonardo Tosi, Mr. Germano Gasparini (the dialect of Venice), Mr.

Massimo Tre (the dialect of Padua), Mr. Mauro Melon (the dialect of Este), Mr. Tiziano

Busato (the dialect of Treviso), Mrs. Katia Poletto (the dialect of Salgareda), Mr. Alessio

Cortiana, Mr. Silvio Ricchieri (the dialect of Vicenza), Mr. Moreno Clementi (the dialect of

Schio), Mr. Daniele Serena (the dialect of Arzignano), Mr. Paolo Pezzin (the dialect of

Marostica), Mr. Cristian Zanetti (the dialect of Verona), Mr. Paolo Gaio (the dialect of

Primiero), Mr. Marco Caneve (the dialect of Belluno), who kindly agreed to fill in the

questionnaire and gave some further comments on Venetian.

References & sources (Italian)

Battaglia = Battaglia S. Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Torino: Union Tipografico-Editrice

Torinese, 1980-2002. // Comprehensive Italian explanatory dictionary in 21 volumes.

Chelysheva & Cherdantseva 2001 = Челышева И. И.; Черданцева, Т. З. Итальянский

язык [Chelysheva, I. I, Cherdantseva, T. Z. Italian language]. In: Языки мира. Романские

языки. М.: Academia, pp. 56-90. // A grammar sketch of the Italian language.

Cherdantseva 2005 = Черданцева, Т. З. Краткий грамматический справочник по итальянскому

языку [Cherdantseva, T. Z. A brief manual of Italian grammar]. Москва: ЧеРо. // A

grammar sketch of the Italian language.

Marcelli 2015; Monti Barnocchi-Moscati 2016 = Information provided by Mr. Massimiliano

Marcelli (the Tuscan dialect of Grosseto) and Mr. Mr. Edmondo David Monti Barnocchi-

Moscati (the Umbrian dialect of Foligno) who were so kind to fill the questionnaire and

comment on some complicated cases.

Michel 2011 = Michel A. Einführung in die italienische Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin, New York: De

Gruyter // A study on Italian linguistics

Passerini Tosi 1989 = Passerini Tosi C. Dizionario italiano-inglese, english-italian. Torino: Paravia.

// Comprehensive Italian-English and English-Italian dictionary.

Patota 2002 = Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell’italiano. Bologna: il Mulino // A historical

grammar of Italian

TsLJdO 2016 = Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini. Available at: tlio.ovi.cnr.it/TLIO // The

project of Italian historical dictionary

Vitali 2015 = Comments on some sophisticated cases, provided by Dr. Daniele Vitali.

Zingarelli 1980 = Zingarelli N. Vocabolario della lingua italiana. Bologna: Zanichelli. // Italian

explanatory dictionary.

Zorko et al. 2002 = Зорько Г. Ф., Майзель Б. Н., Скворцова Н. А. Большой итальянско-русский

словарь [Zorko G. F., Mayzel B. N., Skvortsova N. A. Big Italian-Russian dictionary]. М.:

Русский язык. // Comprehensive Italian-Russian dictionary.

References & sources (Neapolitan)

Esposito 2015; Russo 2015; Matarazzo 2015; Cirillo 2015; Nagar 2015; Mancusi 2015; Musella

2015; Fattoruso 2015; Morelli 2015; Cerrone 2015; Alois 2015 = Information, provided by

Mr. Luca Esposito, Mr. Vincenzo Russo, Mr. Roberto Matarazzo, Mr. Enrico Cirillo, Mr.

Riccardo Nagar, Mr. Davide Mancusi, Mr. Dario Musella (all - Naples), Mr. Antonio

Fattoruso (Sant’Antonio Abate), Mr. Jenni Morelli (Grottaminarda), Mr. Mirko Cerrone

(Salerno), Mr. Francesco Alois (Caserta), who were so kind to fill the questionnaire and

comment on some complicated cases.

References & sources (Logudorese)

Buttu 2015 = Information kindly provided by Mr. Gianfranco Buttu, who filled the questionnaire

and gave comments where necessary.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Сардинский язык [Narumov, B. P. Sardinian language].

In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 160-186. // A grammar sketch of the

Sardinian language.

There is also an on-line dictionary of Logudorese (http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/index.php),

but we have not used it in our work.

References & sources (Campidanese)

Ballicu 2015; Pintus 2015, Fadda 2015 = Information kindly provided by Mr. Simone Ballicu, Mr.

Marco Pintus (Cagliari dialect) and Mrs. Alessia Fadda (the subdialect of Domus de Maria

(Cagliari dialect)), who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where necessary.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Сардинский язык [Narumov, B. P. Sardinian language].

In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 160-186. // A grammar sketch of the

Sardinian language.

References & sources (Sicilian)

Messina 2015, Ornato 2015, La Bua 2015, Salzano 2015, Stornanti 2015, Sorbello 2015, Corsaro

2015, La Mattina 2015, Salerno 2015, Leggio 2015, Miccichè 2015, Coccimiglio 2016 =

Information kindly provided by Mr. Salvatore Messina, Mr. Fulvio Ornato (the dialect of

Palermo), Mr. Salvatore La Bua (the subdialect of Termini Imerese), Mr. Alessio Salzano

(the dialect of Messina), Mr. Vincenzo Stornanti (the subdialect of Spadafora), Mr. Giuseppe

Sorbello (the subdialect of Giarre), Mr. Alessandro Corsaro, Mr. Ferdinando La Mattina, Mr.

Federico Salerno (the dialect of Catania), Mr. Carmelo Leggio (the subdialect of Ragusa),

Mr. Agostino Miccichè (the subdialect of Agrigento) and Mr. Luigi Coccimiglio (the

subdialect of Buscemi) who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where necessary.

References & sources (Catalan)

DCVB 2015 = Diccionari català-valencià-balear. Available at: http://dcvb.iec.cat // Electronic

version of a Catalan explanatory dictionary.

EDCC 1993 = Essencial diccionari castellà-català, català-castellà. Barcelona: Biblograf, 1993. //

Small Spanish-Catalan and Catalan-Spanish dictionary.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Каталанский язык [Narumov, B. P. Catalan language]. // Языки

мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, 2001. P. 492-517. // A grammar sketch of the

Catalan language.

Alòs i Font 2015, Llorens 2015, Cardona 2015, Barreda 2015, Pérez i Sanchis 2015, Montagut 2015,

Balletbò 2015 = The majority of data was provided by Mr. Hèctor Alòs i Font, Mr. Josep

Llorens (Central dialect, Barcelona), Mr. Ciceró Pascual Cardona (Maon Minorcan

subdialect), Mr. David Barreda (a subdialect of Castelló de la Plana), Mr. Guillermo Pérez

Sanchis (a subdialect of Valencia), Mr. Toni Pedrós (a subdialect of Manises) Mr. Abel

Montagut (a subdialect of Les Garrigues) and Mr. Eloi Balletbò (a subdialect of Oliana) who

kindly agreed to fill in the questionnaire and gave some further comments on Catalan.

References & sources (Spanish)

Corominas 1997 = Corominas, J. Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana. Madrid:

Gredos. // An etymological dictionary of the Spanish language.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Испанский язык [Narumov B.P. Spanish language]. In: Языки

мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 411-462. // A grammar sketch of the Spanish

language.

Valén 2015 = Information provided by Mr. Antonio Valén, a native speaker of Castilian Spanish (a

subdialect of Soria), who filled the questionnaire and gave some further comments.

References & sources (Asturian)

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Астурийский язык [Narumov, B. P. Asturian language]. In:

Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 535-550. // A grammar sketch of the

Asturian language.

Riego-Delgado 2016, González Rato 2016 = Information kindly provided by Mr. Abraham Riego-

Delgado (Candás, Central dialect) and Mr. Xesús González Rato (Langreo, Central dialect),

who filled the questionnaire and gave some further comments. Unfortunately, neither of the

informants answered all our additional questions, which could have been very useful in some

difficult cases.

References & sources (Standard Portuguese)

Costa & Melo 1975 = Almeida Costa, J., Sampaio e Melo, E. Dicionário da língua portuguesa.

Porto: Porto Editora. // Portuguese explanatory dictionary.

Cândido de Figueiredo = Cândido de Figueiredo, A. Dicionário da língua portuguesa. Amadoro:

Bertrand, 1978 // Portuguese explanatory dictionary in two volumes.

Pimentel Ferreira 2016 = Information provided by Mr. João Pimentel Ferreira (a native speaker of

Lisboa Portuguese), who was so kind to comment on some sophisticated cases.

Feyershtein & Starets 2005 = Феерштейн, Е. Н., Старец, С. М. Большой португальско-русский

словарь [Feyershtein Y. N., Starets S. M. Big Portuguese-Russian dictionary]. М: Живой

язык. // Comprehensive Portuguese -Russian dictionary.

Nascentes 1955 = Nascentes, A. Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguêsa. Rio de Janeiro. //

Etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language.

Nechayeva 2009 = Нечаева, К. К. Португальский язык. Справочник по грамматике [Nechayeva

K. K. Portuguese language. Grammar reference book]. М: Живой язык. // A grammar sketch

of the Portuguese language.

Voinova et al. 1989 = Воинова, Н. Я., Старец, С. М., Верхуша В. М., Здитовецкий А. Г. Русско-

португальский словарь [Voinova N. Y., Starets S. M., Verkhusha V. M., Zditovetskiy A.

G. Russian Portuguese dictionary]. М.: Русский язык. // Comprehensive Russian-

Portuguese dictionary.

Volf 2001 = Вольф, Е. М. Португальский язык [Volf Y. M. Portuguese language]. In: Языки

мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 462-491. // A sketch of the Portuguese

language.

CdP 2016 = O Corpus do Português, compiled by M. Davies and M.J. Ferreira. Available at:

http://www.corpusdoportugues.org/x.asp // A Portuguese Corpus.

References & sources (Galician)

Carré Alvarellos 1972 = Carré Alvarellos L. Diccionario galego-castelán e vocavulario castelán-

galego. La Coruna: Moret // Small Galician-Spanish and Spanish-Galician dictionary.

DRAG 2016 = Dicionario da Real Academia Galega. Available at:

http://academia.gal/dicionario#inicio.do // Galician explanatory dictionary.

Fernández Armesto 1981 = Fernández Armesto F. Dicionario castelán-galego. Sada (A Coruña):

Ediciós do Castro // Small Spanish-Galician dictionary.

Franco Grande 1968 = Franco Grande X. L. Diccionario Galego-Castelan e vocabulario Castelan-

Galego. Vigo: Galaxia // Small Galician-Spanish and Spanish-Galician dictionary.

Montoya Bolaños 2015, 2016 = Information provided by Mr. Alejandro Montoya Bolaños (living in

Lugo, native speaker of Central Galician dialect) who kindly agreed to fill in the

questionnaire and gave some further comments on sophisticated cases.

Narumov 2001 = Нарумов, Б. П. Галисийский язык [Narumov B. P. Galician

language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 517-534. // A grammar

sketch of the Galician language.

References & sources (Occitan)

Coupier 1995 = Coupier J. Dictionnaire Français – Provençal. Gignac-la-Nerthe: Association

Dictionnaire Français – Provençal. // Comprehensive French-Provençal dictionary.

Lobodanov, Morozova, Chelysheva 2001 = Лободанов, А. П., Морозова, Е. В., Челышева, И. И.

Окситанский язык [Lobodanov A. P., Morozova E. V., Chelysheva I. I. Occitan language].

// Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, 2001. P. 278-303. // A grammar sketch of

the Occitan language.

References & sources (Franco-Provençal)

Viret 2013 = Viret, R. Dikchonéro Fransé-Savoyв. Dictionnaire Français-Savoyard. //

Comprehensive French- Savoyard Franco-Provençal dictionary. Available at:

http://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/Dictionnaire

VireṯFrancais

Savoyard.pdf

Viret’s dictionary contains rich material from many Savoyard subdialects. We have chosen the

subdialect of the Albanais region as the main source of data, while giving the forms of other

subdialects in comments in case different terms are used there.

References & sources (French)

Chelysheva 2001 = Челышева, И. И. Старофранцузский язык [Chelysheva, I. I, Old French

language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 250-278. // A grammar

sketch of the Old French language.

Collins-Robert 1989 = Collins-Robert French-English, English-French dictionary. Paris: Le Robert.

// Comprehensive French-English and English-French dictionary.

Einhorn 1999 = Einhorn, E. Old French. A concise handbook. Cambridge: University Press.

EDCT 2014 = Electronic Dictionary of Chrétien de Troyes, created by Pierre

Kunstmann (University of Ottawa), Hiltrud Gerner (Université de Lorraine) and May

Plouzeau (Université de Provence). Available at

http://www.atilf.fr/dect/lexique/DECṮEnglisẖ20141201.pdf // A comprehensive dictionary of

Chrétien de Troyes’ language, including data on frequency of attestation.

Godefroy = Godefroy, F. Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et tous ses dialects du IXe et

XVe siècle. Genève, Paris: Slatkine, 1982. // An Old French dictionary in 10 volumes.

LGR = Le grand Robert de la langue française. Paris: Le Robert, 1986. // Comprehensive French

explanatory dictionary in 9 volumes.

Lonsdale & Le Bras 2009 = Lonsdale, D., Le Bras, Y. A Frequency Dictionary of French. London,

New York: Routledge. // Short French frequency dictionary, including 5 000 words and

based on 23 millions words corpus.

Rayevskaya 2013 = Раевская, О. В. Новый французско-русский, русско-французский словарь

[Rayevskaya O. V. New French-Russian, Russian-French dictionary]. М.: ABYY Press. //

Medium dictionary (about 40 000 words and expressions).

Referovskaya et al. 2001 = Реферовская, Е. А.; Бокадорова Н. Ю.; Гулыга О. А.; Челышева И.

И. Французский язык [Referovskaya Y. A.; Bokadorova N. Y.; Gulyga O. A.; Chelysheva,

I. I, French language]. In: Языки мира. Романские языки. М.: Academia, pp. 194-249. // A

grammar sketch of the French language.

Robert-Collins 1989 = Robert-Collins dictionnaire français-anglais, anglais-français. Paris: Le

Robert. // Comprehensive French-English and English-French dictionary.

References & sources (Picard)

Leplubo 2016 = Information provided by Mr. Jean-Claude Leplubo, a native speaker of Picard (a

subdialect of Grandvilliers), who filled the questionnaire and gave comments where

necessary.

References & sources (Walloon)

Mahin 2016 = Information provided by Mr. Lucien Mahin, who kindly filled the questionnaire in his

native Transinne Walloon (Southern dialect) and in standardized Rifondou Walloon, and was

so kind to comment on some sophisticated cases.

Authors:

Megleno Romanian: Mikhail Saenko, February 2015. Revised March 2015 (minor corrections).

Revised June 2016.

Istro Romanian, Aromanian: Mikhail Saenko, March 2015. Revised June 2016.

Romanian: Mikhail Saenko, March 2015. Revised April 2016 (some comments on the etymology

are added). Revised June 2016.

Dalmatian: Mikhail Saenko, April 2015. Revised February 2016 (minor corrections). Revised June

2016.

Ladinː Mikhail Saenko, April 2015. Revised June 2016.

Friulianː Mikhail Saenko, April 2015. Revised March 2016 (minor corrections). Revised June

2016.

Romansh, Emiliano-Romagnol: Mikhail Saenko, May 2015. Revised June 2016.

Piemontese: Mikhail Saenko, May 2015. Revised May 2016 (Turinese list added). Revised June

2016.

Ligurian, Italian, Logudorese, Campidanese, Lombard, Neapolitan: Mikhail Saenko, June 2015.

Revised June 2016.

Venetian: Mikhail Saenko, July 2015. Revised February 2016 (minor corrections). Revised June

2016.

Spanish, Occitan: Mikhail Saenko, July 2015. Revised June 2016.

Catalan: Mikhail Saenko, July 2015. Revised February 2016 (minor corrections). Revised June

2016.

Sicilian: Mikhail Saenko, July 2015. Revised March 2016 (minor transliterational corrections).

Revised July 2016 (the Buscemese data were added).

French: Mikhail Saenko, February 2016. Revised June 2016.

Portugueseː Mikhail Saenko, February 2016. Revised March 2016 (some refinements). Revised

June 2016.

Galician, Picard: Mikhail Saenko, March 2016. Revised June 2016.

Foligno Italian, Old Italian: Mikhail Saenko, April 2016. Revised June 2016.

Old French, Walloon, Franco-Provençal: Mikhail Saenko, May 2016. Revised June 2016.

Latin, Asturian: Mikhail Saenko, June 2016.