{"type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": {"layer": "", "name": "to say", "domain": []}, "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 82, "ipa": "janka ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lPittaPitta-0", "name": "yanka {yanka}", "description": "Blake 1979: 241. Roth 1897: 40. Some examples: \u201cI told {yanka-ka} him to go over there\u201d (Blake 1979: 220), \u201cTell {yunka-na} me, father, what (do you want, &c.)?\u201d (Roth 1897: 26).<br/>Distinct from {t\u032aa\u1e5bupali} \u2018to speak, to talk\u2019 (Blake 1979: 231), cf. the example \u201cI almost spilled it with you talking {t\u032aa\u1e5bupali-ka-maru}\u201d (Blake 1979: 218).", "markup_description": "Blake 1979: 241. Roth 1897: 40. Some examples: \u201cI told {yanka-ka} him to go over there\u201d (Blake 1979: 220), \u201cTell {yunka-na} me, father, what (do you want, &c.)?\u201d (Roth 1897: 26).<br/>Distinct from {t\u032aa\u1e5bupali} \u2018to speak, to talk\u2019 (Blake 1979: 231), cf. the example \u201cI almost spilled it with you talking {t\u032aa\u1e5bupali-ka-maru}\u201d (Blake 1979: 218).", "valueset_pk": 71, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 71, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lPittaPitta", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 15, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "yanka {yanka}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 15, "parent_pk": 1, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "pitt1247", "ethnologue_code": "pit", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "PittaPitta", "name": "Pitta Pitta", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -22.7952, "longitude": 139.983}, "name": "Pitta Pitta"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [139.983, -22.7952]}, "id": "PittaPitta"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 428, "ipa": "jat\u032aa-\u0273a ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDieri-0", "name": "yat\u032aa-\u0273a {yatha-rna}", "description": "Austin 2013: 40. Polysemy: \u2018to say / to speak\u2019.", "markup_description": "Austin 2013: 40. Polysemy: \u2018to say / to speak\u2019.", "valueset_pk": 401, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 401, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDieri", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 18, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "yat\u032aa-\u0273a {yatha-rna}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 18, "parent_pk": 3, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "dier1241", "ethnologue_code": "dif", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Dieri", "name": "Dieri", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -28.1667, "longitude": 138.0}, "name": "Dieri"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [138.0, -28.1667]}, "id": "Dieri"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2333, "ipa": "=ne\u02d0", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lHupa-0", "name": "=ne\u02d0", "description": "Sapir & Golla 2001: 775; Golla 1996a: 81. Glossed as 'to say something, make noise, speak'. The perfective stem is =ne-\u0294 < *=ne\u02d0-\u0294. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =ye\u02d0\u028d [sg. subj.] / =wa\u02d0\u028d [pl. subj.] 'to speak, talk' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 793, 806; Golla 1996a: 88, 94].", "markup_description": "Sapir & Golla 2001: 775; Golla 1996a: 81. Glossed as 'to say something, make noise, speak'. The perfective stem is =ne-\u0294 < *=ne\u02d0-\u0294. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =ye\u02d0\u028d [sg. subj.] / =wa\u02d0\u028d [pl. subj.] 'to speak, talk' [Sapir & Golla 2001: 793, 806; Golla 1996a: 88, 94].", "valueset_pk": 1771, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1771, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lHupa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 19, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2352, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lHupa-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1771, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1771, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lHupa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 19, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ne\u02d0, N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 19, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "hupa1239", "ethnologue_code": "hup", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Hupa", "name": "Hupa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.0982, "longitude": -123.68}, "name": "Hupa"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-123.68, 41.0982]}, "id": "Hupa"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2334, "ipa": "=ne\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMattole-0", "name": "=ne\u02d0 ", "description": "Li 1930: 95. The heavy stem is =ni\u02d0 (< *=ne-i). <br/><br/>\tBear River dialect: =na ~ =ni 'to say' [Goddard 1929: 320].", "markup_description": "Li 1930: 95. The heavy stem is =ni\u02d0 (< *=ne-i). <br/><br/>\tBear River dialect: =na ~ =ni 'to say' [Goddard 1929: 320].", "valueset_pk": 1772, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1772, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMattole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 20, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2353, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMattole-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1772, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1772, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMattole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 20, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ne\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 20, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "matt1238", "ethnologue_code": "mvb", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Mattole", "name": "Mattole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.4321, "longitude": -122.863}, "name": "Mattole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-122.863, 40.4321]}, "id": "Mattole"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2335, "ipa": "=ni\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKato-0", "name": "=ni\u02d0 ", "description": "Goddard 1912: 65. Polysemy: 'to say / to speak, talk'. Used in all grammatical persons. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =yi\u02d0\u0161 'to speak, talk', used in 1-2 person only [Goddard 1912: 62].", "markup_description": "Goddard 1912: 65. Polysemy: 'to say / to speak, talk'. Used in all grammatical persons. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =yi\u02d0\u0161 'to speak, talk', used in 1-2 person only [Goddard 1912: 62].", "valueset_pk": 1773, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1773, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKato", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 21, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2354, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKato-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1773, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1773, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKato", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 21, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ni\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 21, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "kato1244", "ethnologue_code": "ktw", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Kato", "name": "Kato", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 39.7002, "longitude": -123.432}, "name": "Kato"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-123.432, 39.7002]}, "id": "Kato"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2336, "ipa": "=tat ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lTaldashGalice-0", "name": "=tat ", "description": "Ho\u0133er 1973: 64; Ho\u0133er 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. Suppletive verb =tat [imperf.] / =ni ~ =niy-a [perf.] with polysemy: 'to say / to tell, speak'.", "markup_description": "Ho\u0133er 1973: 64; Ho\u0133er 1956: 223; Landar 1977: 295. Suppletive verb =tat [imperf.] / =ni ~ =niy-a [perf.] with polysemy: 'to say / to tell, speak'.", "valueset_pk": 1774, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1774, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lTaldashGalice", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 22, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2355, "ipa": "=ni ~ =nij-a ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lTaldashGalice-1", "name": "=ni ~ =niy-a ", "description": "Perfective stem. The final element -(y)a is not entirely clear.", "markup_description": "Perfective stem. The final element -(y)a is not entirely clear.", "valueset_pk": 1774, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1774, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lTaldashGalice", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 22, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=tat , =ni ~ =niy-a ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 22, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "gali1261", "ethnologue_code": "gce", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "TaldashGalice", "name": "Taldash Galice", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 45.3914, "longitude": -120.75}, "name": "Taldash Galice"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-120.75, 45.3914]}, "id": "TaldashGalice"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2337, "ipa": "=ni ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lUpperInletTanaina-0", "name": "=ni ", "description": "Lovick 2005: 31 ex. 1.27a, 44 ex. 2.5c, etc. Polysemy: 'to say / to call'.", "markup_description": "Lovick 2005: 31 ex. 1.27a, 44 ex. 2.5c, etc. Polysemy: 'to say / to call'.", "valueset_pk": 1775, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1775, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lUpperInletTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 23, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2356, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lUpperInletTanaina-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1775, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1775, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lUpperInletTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 23, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ni , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 23, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1289", "ethnologue_code": "tfn", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "UpperInletTanaina", "name": "Upper Inlet Tanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 60.4712, "longitude": -150.759}, "name": "Upper Inlet Tanaina"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-150.759, 60.4712]}, "id": "UpperInletTanaina"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2338, "ipa": "=ni ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lOuterInletTanaina-0", "name": "=ni ", "description": "Boraas 2010: 56-58. Polysemy: 'to say / to tell / to deem / to call'.", "markup_description": "Boraas 2010: 56-58. Polysemy: 'to say / to tell / to deem / to call'.", "valueset_pk": 1776, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1776, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lOuterInletTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 24, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2357, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lOuterInletTanaina-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1776, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1776, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lOuterInletTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 24, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ni , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 24, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1289", "ethnologue_code": "tfn", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "OuterInletTanaina", "name": "Outer Inlet Tanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 60.4712, "longitude": -150.759}, "name": "Outer Inlet Tanaina"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-150.759, 60.4712]}, "id": "OuterInletTanaina"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2339, "ipa": "=ni ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lInlandTanaina-0", "name": "=ni ", "description": "Wassillie 1979: 85; Lovick 2005: 25 ex. 1.18. At least synchronically distinct from the verbs =nax [imperf.] / =nak [perf.] 'to speak; to talk' [Wassillie 1979: 93, 100] and =l=n\u0259k 'to tell' [Wassillie 1979: 101].\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "markup_description": "Wassillie 1979: 85; Lovick 2005: 25 ex. 1.18. At least synchronically distinct from the verbs =nax [imperf.] / =nak [perf.] 'to speak; to talk' [Wassillie 1979: 93, 100] and =l=n\u0259k 'to tell' [Wassillie 1979: 101].\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1777, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1777, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lInlandTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 25, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2358, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lInlandTanaina-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "markup_description": "nan\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1777, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1777, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lInlandTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 25, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ni , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 25, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1289", "ethnologue_code": "tfn", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "InlandTanaina", "name": "Inland Tanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 60.4712, "longitude": -150.759}, "name": "Inland Tanaina"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-150.759, 60.4712]}, "id": "InlandTanaina"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2340, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": -1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lIliamnaTanaina-0", "name": "N/A", "description": "Not attested.\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "markup_description": "Not attested.\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1778, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1778, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lIliamnaTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 26, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2359, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lIliamnaTanaina-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "markup_description": "nan\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1778, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1778, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lIliamnaTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 26, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "N/A, N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 26, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1289", "ethnologue_code": "tfn", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "IliamnaTanaina", "name": "Iliamna Tanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 60.4712, "longitude": -150.759}, "name": "Iliamna Tanaina"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-150.759, 60.4712]}, "id": "IliamnaTanaina"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2341, "ipa": "=ni\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lCentralAhtena-0", "name": "=ni\u02d0 ", "description": "Kari 1990: 304, 582.   <br/><br/>\tLower Ahtena: =ni\u02d0 [Kari 1990: 304, 582].   <br/><br/>\tWestern Ahtena: =ni\u02d0 [Kari 1990: 304, 582].\nCommon Ahtena notes: Paradigm: =ni\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ne-\u0294 [perf.]. Generic verb of speech with polysemy: 'to say / to think'.  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from q\u02b0=...=ye\u02d0- 'to talk, speak', used with sg. & dual. subj. [Kari 1990: 424, 685] and hne=...=t=l=\u0281a\u02d0s 'to talk, speak', used with pl. subj. [Kari 1990: 206].  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =l=nik\u02b8 'to tell, narrate, recount' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 312].", "markup_description": "Kari 1990: 304, 582.   <br/><br/>\tLower Ahtena: =ni\u02d0 [Kari 1990: 304, 582].   <br/><br/>\tWestern Ahtena: =ni\u02d0 [Kari 1990: 304, 582].\nCommon Ahtena notes: Paradigm: =ni\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ne-\u0294 [perf.]. Generic verb of speech with polysemy: 'to say / to think'.  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from q\u02b0=...=ye\u02d0- 'to talk, speak', used with sg. & dual. subj. [Kari 1990: 424, 685] and hne=...=t=l=\u0281a\u02d0s 'to talk, speak', used with pl. subj. [Kari 1990: 206].  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =l=nik\u02b8 'to tell, narrate, recount' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 312].", "valueset_pk": 1779, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1779, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lCentralAhtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 27, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2360, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lCentralAhtena-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan\nCommon Ahtena notes: nan", "markup_description": "nan\nCommon Ahtena notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1779, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1779, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lCentralAhtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 27, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ni\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 27, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "ahte1237", "ethnologue_code": "aht", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "CentralAhtena", "name": "Central Ahtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 61.7068, "longitude": -144.889}, "name": "Central Ahtena"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-144.889, 61.7068]}, "id": "CentralAhtena"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2342, "ipa": "=ni\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMentastaAhtena-0", "name": "=ni\u02d0 ", "description": "Kari 1990: 304, 582.\nCommon Ahtena notes: Paradigm: =ni\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ne-\u0294 [perf.]. Generic verb of speech with polysemy: 'to say / to think'.  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from q\u02b0=...=ye\u02d0- 'to talk, speak', used with sg. & dual. subj. [Kari 1990: 424, 685] and hne=...=t=l=\u0281a\u02d0s 'to talk, speak', used with pl. subj. [Kari 1990: 206].  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =l=nik\u02b8 'to tell, narrate, recount' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 312].", "markup_description": "Kari 1990: 304, 582.\nCommon Ahtena notes: Paradigm: =ni\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ne-\u0294 [perf.]. Generic verb of speech with polysemy: 'to say / to think'.  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from q\u02b0=...=ye\u02d0- 'to talk, speak', used with sg. & dual. subj. [Kari 1990: 424, 685] and hne=...=t=l=\u0281a\u02d0s 'to talk, speak', used with pl. subj. [Kari 1990: 206].  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =l=nik\u02b8 'to tell, narrate, recount' (all dialects) [Kari 1990: 312].", "valueset_pk": 1780, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1780, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMentastaAhtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 28, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2361, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMentastaAhtena-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan\nCommon Ahtena notes: nan", "markup_description": "nan\nCommon Ahtena notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1780, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1780, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMentastaAhtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 28, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ni\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 28, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "ahte1237", "ethnologue_code": "aht", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "MentastaAhtena", "name": "Mentasta Ahtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 61.7068, "longitude": -144.889}, "name": "Mentasta Ahtena"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-144.889, 61.7068]}, "id": "MentastaAhtena"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2343, "ipa": "=t\u00ed ~ =\u207ft\u00ed ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDogrib-0", "name": "=t\u00ed ~ =\u207ft\u00ed ", "description": "Saxon & Siemens 1996: 3, 206. The archaic root variant =\u207ft\u00ed is scantily attested: y\u00e8h=t\u00ed ~ y\u00e8h=\u207ft\u00ed [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 133], t\u00ed ~ \u207ft\u00ed [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 19].  <br/><br/>\tAs noted in [Saxon & Siemens 1996: xi], this is actually a suppletive verb with the root =s\u0129\u0301 used in the 1st p. sg. and the root =(\u207f)t\u00ed elsewhere. Cf. \u00e1=t\u00ed 'he said it' vs. \u00e1=\u00e9h=s\u0129\u0301 'I said it' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 3, 4].", "markup_description": "Saxon & Siemens 1996: 3, 206. The archaic root variant =\u207ft\u00ed is scantily attested: y\u00e8h=t\u00ed ~ y\u00e8h=\u207ft\u00ed [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 133], t\u00ed ~ \u207ft\u00ed [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 19].  <br/><br/>\tAs noted in [Saxon & Siemens 1996: xi], this is actually a suppletive verb with the root =s\u0129\u0301 used in the 1st p. sg. and the root =(\u207f)t\u00ed elsewhere. Cf. \u00e1=t\u00ed 'he said it' vs. \u00e1=\u00e9h=s\u0129\u0301 'I said it' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 3, 4].", "valueset_pk": 1781, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1781, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDogrib", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 29, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2362, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDogrib-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1781, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1781, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDogrib", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 29, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=t\u00ed ~ =\u207ft\u00ed , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 29, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "dogr1252", "ethnologue_code": "dgr", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Dogrib", "name": "Dogrib", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 63.17, "longitude": -117.25}, "name": "Dogrib"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-117.25, 63.17]}, "id": "Dogrib"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2344, "ipa": "=t\u00ec ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lNorthSlaveyHare-0", "name": "=t\u00ec ", "description": "Rice 1978: 190, 421, 532; Rice 1989: 870; Ho\u0133er 1956: 222. Suppletive paradigm: =s\u0129\u0300 [1 p. sg.] / =t\u00ec [elsewhere]. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =f\u00ec 'to talk' [Rice 1978: 386, 428].", "markup_description": "Rice 1978: 190, 421, 532; Rice 1989: 870; Ho\u0133er 1956: 222. Suppletive paradigm: =s\u0129\u0300 [1 p. sg.] / =t\u00ec [elsewhere]. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =f\u00ec 'to talk' [Rice 1978: 386, 428].", "valueset_pk": 1782, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1782, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lNorthSlaveyHare", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2363, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lNorthSlaveyHare-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1782, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1782, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lNorthSlaveyHare", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=t\u00ec , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 30, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "nort2942", "ethnologue_code": "scs", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "NorthSlaveyHare", "name": "North Slavey (Hare)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 63.5, "longitude": -125.67}, "name": "North Slavey (Hare)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-125.67, 63.5]}, "id": "NorthSlaveyHare"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2345, "ipa": "=n\u00ech ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lTanacross-0", "name": "=n\u00ech ", "description": "Arnold et al. 2009: 222, 264; Holton 2000: 351; Shinen 1958: 54. Polysemy: 'to say / to tell'. Paradigm: =n\u00ech [imperf.] / =n\u00ed-\u0294 [perf.].", "markup_description": "Arnold et al. 2009: 222, 264; Holton 2000: 351; Shinen 1958: 54. Polysemy: 'to say / to tell'. Paradigm: =n\u00ech [imperf.] / =n\u00ed-\u0294 [perf.].", "valueset_pk": 1783, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1783, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lTanacross", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2364, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lTanacross-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1783, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1783, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lTanacross", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=n\u00ech , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 31, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1290", "ethnologue_code": "tcb", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Tanacross", "name": "Tanacross", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 63.4046, "longitude": -143.338}, "name": "Tanacross"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-143.338, 63.4046]}, "id": "Tanacross"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2346, "ipa": "=n\u0129h ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lUpperTananaTetlin-0", "name": "=n\u0129h ", "description": "Milanowski 2009: 49, 104. Paradigm: =n\u0129h [imperf.] / =n\u0129\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.] / =ndi\u02d0-\u026c [fut.]. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =he\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ha\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.] / =he\u02d0-\u026c [fut.] 'to speak, talk' [Milanowski 2009: 43, 107].", "markup_description": "Milanowski 2009: 49, 104. Paradigm: =n\u0129h [imperf.] / =n\u0129\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.] / =ndi\u02d0-\u026c [fut.]. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =he\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ha\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.] / =he\u02d0-\u026c [fut.] 'to speak, talk' [Milanowski 2009: 43, 107].", "valueset_pk": 1784, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1784, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lUpperTananaTetlin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 32, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2365, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lUpperTananaTetlin-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1784, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1784, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lUpperTananaTetlin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 32, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=n\u0129h , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 32, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "uppe1437", "ethnologue_code": "tau", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "UpperTananaTetlin", "name": "Upper Tanana (Tetlin)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 62.6867, "longitude": -141.37}, "name": "Upper Tanana (Tetlin)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-141.37, 62.6867]}, "id": "UpperTananaTetlin"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2347, "ipa": "=ni ~ =ti ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLowerTananaMinto-0", "name": "=ni ~ =ti ", "description": "Kari 1994: 206-207, 468; Tuttle 2009: 171. Paradigm: =ni ~ =ti [imperf.] / =ni-\u0294 ~ =ti-\u0294 [perf.]. The variant =ni is used for 1 & 2 p. sg., =ti for pl. For 3 p. sg. either =ni or =ti can be used, as may be seen from the data in [Kari 1994: 206-207].  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from the verbs for 'to talk, speak': x=...=ya-y\u0325 [imperf.] / x=...=y\u028c-\u0294 [perf.] used with sg. & dual. subj. [Kari 1994: 335, 481], k\u02b0\u0259na=...=t=l=\u0263\u028c\u0282 used with pl. subj. [Kari 1994: 133, 481].", "markup_description": "Kari 1994: 206-207, 468; Tuttle 2009: 171. Paradigm: =ni ~ =ti [imperf.] / =ni-\u0294 ~ =ti-\u0294 [perf.]. The variant =ni is used for 1 & 2 p. sg., =ti for pl. For 3 p. sg. either =ni or =ti can be used, as may be seen from the data in [Kari 1994: 206-207].  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from the verbs for 'to talk, speak': x=...=ya-y\u0325 [imperf.] / x=...=y\u028c-\u0294 [perf.] used with sg. & dual. subj. [Kari 1994: 335, 481], k\u02b0\u0259na=...=t=l=\u0263\u028c\u0282 used with pl. subj. [Kari 1994: 133, 481].", "valueset_pk": 1785, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1785, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLowerTananaMinto", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 33, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2366, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLowerTananaMinto-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1785, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1785, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLowerTananaMinto", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 33, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ni ~ =ti , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 33, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "lowe1425", "ethnologue_code": "taa", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "LowerTananaMinto", "name": "Lower Tanana (Minto)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 64.8834, "longitude": -149.451}, "name": "Lower Tanana (Minto)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-149.451, 64.8834]}, "id": "LowerTananaMinto"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2348, "ipa": "=ni ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lCentralCarrier-0", "name": "=ni ", "description": "Poser 1998/2013: 884, 1222, 1259; Poser 2011a: 179; Antoine et al. 1974: 327. Paradigm: =ni [imperf.] / =ni-\u0294 [perf.] / =ni-h [customary]. Polysemy: 'to say / to sound'. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =\u026c=t\u028ck 'to speak' [Poser 1998/2013: 923, 1219, 1251].", "markup_description": "Poser 1998/2013: 884, 1222, 1259; Poser 2011a: 179; Antoine et al. 1974: 327. Paradigm: =ni [imperf.] / =ni-\u0294 [perf.] / =ni-h [customary]. Polysemy: 'to say / to sound'. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =\u026c=t\u028ck 'to speak' [Poser 1998/2013: 923, 1219, 1251].", "valueset_pk": 1786, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1786, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lCentralCarrier", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 34, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2367, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lCentralCarrier-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1786, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1786, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lCentralCarrier", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 34, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ni , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 34, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "carr1249", "ethnologue_code": "crx", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "CentralCarrier", "name": "Central Carrier", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 54.3768, "longitude": -124.328}, "name": "Central Carrier"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-124.328, 54.3768]}, "id": "CentralCarrier"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2349, "ipa": "=ni\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKoyukon-0", "name": "=ni\u02d0 ", "description": "Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 436, 997; Jones 1978: 136. Paradigm: =ni\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ni\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.]. Also used with the \"classifier\" \u026c-.  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from suppletive =(h)a\u02d0y\u0325 [imperf.] / =yo\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.] glossed as 'to talk, speak, say, utter, pronounce, articulate', used with sg. & dual. subj. [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 704] and its counterpart =l=\u0281us 'to make noise, holler, clamor, shout; to talk, speak', used with pl. subj. [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 258].", "markup_description": "Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 436, 997; Jones 1978: 136. Paradigm: =ni\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ni\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.]. Also used with the \"classifier\" \u026c-.  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from suppletive =(h)a\u02d0y\u0325 [imperf.] / =yo\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.] glossed as 'to talk, speak, say, utter, pronounce, articulate', used with sg. & dual. subj. [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 704] and its counterpart =l=\u0281us 'to make noise, holler, clamor, shout; to talk, speak', used with pl. subj. [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 258].", "valueset_pk": 1787, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1787, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKoyukon", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 35, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2368, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKoyukon-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1787, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1787, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKoyukon", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 35, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ni\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 35, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "koyu1237", "ethnologue_code": "koy", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Koyukon", "name": "Koyukon", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 65.6093, "longitude": -154.229}, "name": "Koyukon"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-154.229, 65.6093]}, "id": "Koyukon"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2350, "ipa": "=ne\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDegexitan-0", "name": "=ne\u02d0 ", "description": "Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 37; Chapman 1914: 214. Paradigm: =ne\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ne\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.]. Cf. some examples: \"Down here they are going to stamp, they said\", \"What are they saying?\", \"Say it all again\" [Taff et al. 2007].  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from suppletive =(h)a\u02d0y\u0325 [imperf.] / \u014bo\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.] 'to talk' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 2], which is probably restricted to sg. subj., and its counterpart =\u0281\u028a\u0282 [imperf.] / =\u0281o\u02d0\u0282 [perf.] 'to talk (pl. subj.)' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 26].", "markup_description": "Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 37; Chapman 1914: 214. Paradigm: =ne\u02d0 [imperf.] / =ne\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.]. Cf. some examples: \"Down here they are going to stamp, they said\", \"What are they saying?\", \"Say it all again\" [Taff et al. 2007].  <br/><br/>\tDistinct from suppletive =(h)a\u02d0y\u0325 [imperf.] / \u014bo\u02d0-\u0294 [perf.] 'to talk' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 2], which is probably restricted to sg. subj., and its counterpart =\u0281\u028a\u0282 [imperf.] / =\u0281o\u02d0\u0282 [perf.] 'to talk (pl. subj.)' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 26].", "valueset_pk": 1788, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1788, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDegexitan", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 36, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2369, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDegexitan-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1788, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1788, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDegexitan", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 36, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ne\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 36, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "dege1248", "ethnologue_code": "ing", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Degexitan", "name": "Degexit'an", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 62.0697, "longitude": -160.044}, "name": "Degexit'an"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-160.044, 62.0697]}, "id": "Degexitan"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 2351, "ipa": "=n\u00ed ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lSarsi-0", "name": "=n\u00ed ", "description": "Li 1930b: 20; Ho\u0133er 1956: 223. Paradigm: =n\u00ed [imperf.] / =n\u00ec-\u0294 [perf.]. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =c\u02bc\u00ech [imperf.] / =c\u02bc\u0252\u0301 ~ =c\u02bc\u0252\u0301n- ~ =c\u02bc\u00e1 ~ =c\u02bc\u00e1n- [perf.] 'to speak, utter' [Li 1930b: 24; Cook 1984: 252]; =n\u00e1h [imperf.] / =n\u00e1\u02d0\u017e [perf.] 'to make a speech, to talk' [Li 1930b: 19].", "markup_description": "Li 1930b: 20; Ho\u0133er 1956: 223. Paradigm: =n\u00ed [imperf.] / =n\u00ec-\u0294 [perf.]. <br/><br/>\tDistinct from =c\u02bc\u00ech [imperf.] / =c\u02bc\u0252\u0301 ~ =c\u02bc\u0252\u0301n- ~ =c\u02bc\u00e1 ~ =c\u02bc\u00e1n- [perf.] 'to speak, utter' [Li 1930b: 24; Cook 1984: 252]; =n\u00e1h [imperf.] / =n\u00e1\u02d0\u017e [perf.] 'to make a speech, to talk' [Li 1930b: 19].", "valueset_pk": 1789, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1789, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lSarsi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 37, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 2370, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lSarsi-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1789, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1789, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lSarsi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 37, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=n\u00ed , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 37, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "sars1236", "ethnologue_code": "srs", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Sarsi", "name": "Sarsi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 50.8822, "longitude": -114.301}, "name": "Sarsi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-114.301, 50.8822]}, "id": "Sarsi"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 7583, "ipa": "zik ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMeglenoRomanian-0", "name": "zik {zic}", "description": "There are two documented expressions for 'to say': <i>zik</i> {zic} (glossed as Romanian <i>zic</i> [Capidan 1935: 338]) and <i>spun</i> {spun} (glossed as Romanian <i>spun</i> [Capidan 1935: 272-273]).     \nAs a rule, <i>zik</i> is used in the author's voice, while <i>spun</i> is used in the direct speech of fairy tale characters: {\u0219i i\u032fa zisi: \"nu ti spun\"}<i> </i>\"And she said: \"I won't tell you\" [Capidan 1928: 85]. However there are cases when this rule is reversed: {tsi zise\u0219, lerdu?} \"What did you say, Reynard?\" [Capidan 1928: 118], {\u0219i b\u0101ba spusi: \"cum \u0219a si spun, nu spun\". \u0219i fit\u0161oru zisi: <\u2026> \u0219i b\u0101ba zisi: <\u2026>} \"And the old woman said: \"This I cannot say\". And the boy said: <\u2026>And the old woman said <\u2026>\" [Capidan 1928: 84] [Capidan 1928: 84]. Apart from that, <i>spun</i> can indicate a continuous action 'speak, tell': {\u0219i mur\u0101ru c\u0103ts\u01eb s\u0103 spun\u0103 \u0219i zisi} <\u2026> \"And the miller started speaking and said <\u2026>\" [Capidan 1928: 29]. All of the above makes us regard this pair as synonyms.", "markup_description": "There are two documented expressions for 'to say': <i>zik</i> {zic} (glossed as Romanian <i>zic</i> [Capidan 1935: 338]) and <i>spun</i> {spun} (glossed as Romanian <i>spun</i> [Capidan 1935: 272-273]).     \nAs a rule, <i>zik</i> is used in the author's voice, while <i>spun</i> is used in the direct speech of fairy tale characters: {\u0219i i\u032fa zisi: \"nu ti spun\"}<i> </i>\"And she said: \"I won't tell you\" [Capidan 1928: 85]. However there are cases when this rule is reversed: {tsi zise\u0219, lerdu?} \"What did you say, Reynard?\" [Capidan 1928: 118], {\u0219i b\u0101ba spusi: \"cum \u0219a si spun, nu spun\". \u0219i fit\u0161oru zisi: <\u2026> \u0219i b\u0101ba zisi: <\u2026>} \"And the old woman said: \"This I cannot say\". And the boy said: <\u2026>And the old woman said <\u2026>\" [Capidan 1928: 84] [Capidan 1928: 84]. Apart from that, <i>spun</i> can indicate a continuous action 'speak, tell': {\u0219i mur\u0101ru c\u0103ts\u01eb s\u0103 spun\u0103 \u0219i zisi} <\u2026> \"And the miller started speaking and said <\u2026>\" [Capidan 1928: 29]. All of the above makes us regard this pair as synonyms.", "valueset_pk": 6593, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6593, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMeglenoRomanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 40, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 7639, "ipa": "spun ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMeglenoRomanian-1", "name": "spun {spun}", "description": "Capidan 1935: 272-273.", "markup_description": "Capidan 1935: 272-273.", "valueset_pk": 6593, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6593, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMeglenoRomanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 40, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "zik {zic}, spun {spun}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 40, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "megl1237", "ethnologue_code": "ruq", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "MeglenoRomanian", "name": "Megleno Romanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.1174, "longitude": 22.3782}, "name": "Megleno Romanian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [22.3782, 41.1174]}, "id": "MeglenoRomanian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 7584, "ipa": "z\u02c8it\u0320\u0361\u0283-e ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lIstroRomanian-0", "name": "z\u02c8i\u010d-e {z\u00ed\u010de}", "description": "Kova\u010dec 2010; S\u00e2rbu & Fr\u0103\u0163il\u0103 1998: 305; Byhan 1899: 392. Distinct from <i>gan-\u02c8\u00e4y</i> {gan\u0119\u0301i\u032f}, <i>kuvint-\u02c8\u0252</i> {cuvint\u00e5} 'to speak' [Kova\u010dec 2010; Byhan 1899: 222, 261] and from <i>sp\u02c8ur-e</i> {sp\u00fare} 'to tell' [Kova\u010dec 2010; S\u00e2rbu & Fr\u0103\u0163il\u0103 1998: 279; Byhan 1899: 350; Glavina 1905: 76], which, however, occasionally can be used in the meaning 'to say' ({Put\u0119 r\u0119m spure ke <\u2026>} \"You could say that <\u2026>\").", "markup_description": "Kova\u010dec 2010; S\u00e2rbu & Fr\u0103\u0163il\u0103 1998: 305; Byhan 1899: 392. Distinct from <i>gan-\u02c8\u00e4y</i> {gan\u0119\u0301i\u032f}, <i>kuvint-\u02c8\u0252</i> {cuvint\u00e5} 'to speak' [Kova\u010dec 2010; Byhan 1899: 222, 261] and from <i>sp\u02c8ur-e</i> {sp\u00fare} 'to tell' [Kova\u010dec 2010; S\u00e2rbu & Fr\u0103\u0163il\u0103 1998: 279; Byhan 1899: 350; Glavina 1905: 76], which, however, occasionally can be used in the meaning 'to say' ({Put\u0119 r\u0119m spure ke <\u2026>} \"You could say that <\u2026>\").", "valueset_pk": 6594, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6594, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lIstroRomanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 41, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "z\u02c8i\u010d-e {z\u00ed\u010de}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 41, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "istr1245", "ethnologue_code": "ruo", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "IstroRomanian", "name": "Istro Romanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 45.433, "longitude": 14.2}, "name": "Istro Romanian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [14.2, 45.433]}, "id": "IstroRomanian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 7585, "ipa": "d\u0361z\u02c8\u0268k-\u016d ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lAromanian-0", "name": "\u0292\u02c8\u0268k-\u016d {dz\u00eec}", "description": "Papahagi 1963: 435; Cunia 2010: 425-426; Dalametra 1906: 87; Go\u0142\u0105b 1984: 261. Polysemy: 'to say / to sing'. There are two documented expressions for 'to say': <i>\u0292\u02c8\u0268k-\u016d</i> {dz\u00eec} and <i>asp\u02c8un-\u016d</i> {asp\u00fan}. Available contexts do not allow to differentiate between these words: {dz\u00ee\ueff9sit vo\u012d a\u00e9stu l\u00facru?} \"have you said this thing?\"; {dz\u00ee-n'\u012d: \u0163e vre\u012d s'  \u0163\u00ee dz\u00eec\u016d?} \"tell me: what do you want me to tell you?\" [Papahagi 1963: 435]; {l\u012d dz\u00ee\u0219\u016d \u00f9n\u0103 cuv\u00e9nd\u0103} \"I have said to him a word\" [Dalametra 1906: 75]; {si-aspune\u00e1rim \u012do...; si-aspune\u00e1ri\u0219\u012d t\u00edne} \"I would say...; if you would say\" [Papahagi 1963: 169]; {sp\u00f9ni al\u00ec\u03b8hia} \"he tells the truth\" [Dalametra 1906: 11]; {asp\u00f9ni chirt\u00f9r\u012d} \"he says nothing / babbles\" [Dalametra 1906: 53]. We have to treat <i>\u0292\u02c8\u0268k\u016d </i>and<i> asp\u02c8un\u016d</i> as synonyms.", "markup_description": "Papahagi 1963: 435; Cunia 2010: 425-426; Dalametra 1906: 87; Go\u0142\u0105b 1984: 261. Polysemy: 'to say / to sing'. There are two documented expressions for 'to say': <i>\u0292\u02c8\u0268k-\u016d</i> {dz\u00eec} and <i>asp\u02c8un-\u016d</i> {asp\u00fan}. Available contexts do not allow to differentiate between these words: {dz\u00ee\ueff9sit vo\u012d a\u00e9stu l\u00facru?} \"have you said this thing?\"; {dz\u00ee-n'\u012d: \u0163e vre\u012d s'  \u0163\u00ee dz\u00eec\u016d?} \"tell me: what do you want me to tell you?\" [Papahagi 1963: 435]; {l\u012d dz\u00ee\u0219\u016d \u00f9n\u0103 cuv\u00e9nd\u0103} \"I have said to him a word\" [Dalametra 1906: 75]; {si-aspune\u00e1rim \u012do...; si-aspune\u00e1ri\u0219\u012d t\u00edne} \"I would say...; if you would say\" [Papahagi 1963: 169]; {sp\u00f9ni al\u00ec\u03b8hia} \"he tells the truth\" [Dalametra 1906: 11]; {asp\u00f9ni chirt\u00f9r\u012d} \"he says nothing / babbles\" [Dalametra 1906: 53]. We have to treat <i>\u0292\u02c8\u0268k\u016d </i>and<i> asp\u02c8un\u016d</i> as synonyms.", "valueset_pk": 6595, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6595, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lAromanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 42, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 7640, "ipa": "a=sp\u02c8un-\u016d ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lAromanian-1", "name": "a=sp\u02c8un-\u016d {asp\u00fan}", "description": "Papahagi 1963: 169; Cunia 2010: 964-965; Dalametra 1906: 195. Polysemy: 'to say / to show'.", "markup_description": "Papahagi 1963: 169; Cunia 2010: 964-965; Dalametra 1906: 195. Polysemy: 'to say / to show'.", "valueset_pk": 6595, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6595, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lAromanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 42, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "\u0292\u02c8\u0268k-\u016d {dz\u00eec}, a=sp\u02c8un-\u016d {asp\u00fan}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 42, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "arom1237", "ethnologue_code": "rup", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Aromanian", "name": "Aromanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.616, "longitude": 21.2}, "name": "Aromanian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [21.2, 40.616]}, "id": "Aromanian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 7586, "ipa": "a=z\u02c8it\u0320\u0361\u0283-e ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lRomanian-0", "name": "a=z\u02c8i\u010d-e {a zice}", "description": "DER 2004: 820; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1355; Gancz 2015. There are two expressions for 'to say': <i>a=z\u02c8i\u010d-e</i> {a zice} and <i>a=sp\u02c8un-e</i> {a spune}. According to [Gancz 2015] there is no difference between them. Moldavian: <i>a=z\u02c8i\u010d-e</i> {a zice} 'to say' [Podiko 1973: 140].", "markup_description": "DER 2004: 820; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1355; Gancz 2015. There are two expressions for 'to say': <i>a=z\u02c8i\u010d-e</i> {a zice} and <i>a=sp\u02c8un-e</i> {a spune}. According to [Gancz 2015] there is no difference between them. Moldavian: <i>a=z\u02c8i\u010d-e</i> {a zice} 'to say' [Podiko 1973: 140].", "valueset_pk": 6596, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6596, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lRomanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 43, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 7641, "ipa": "a=sp\u02c8un-e ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lRomanian-1", "name": "a=sp\u02c8un-e {a spune}", "description": "DER 2004: 820; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1355; Gancz 2015. Polysemy: 'to say / to tell'. Moldavian: <i>a=sp\u02c8un-e</i> {a spune} 'to say / to tell' [Podiko 1973: 140].", "markup_description": "DER 2004: 820; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1355; Gancz 2015. Polysemy: 'to say / to tell'. Moldavian: <i>a=sp\u02c8un-e</i> {a spune} 'to say / to tell' [Podiko 1973: 140].", "valueset_pk": 6596, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6596, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lRomanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 43, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "a=z\u02c8i\u010d-e {a zice}, a=sp\u02c8un-e {a spune}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 43, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "roma1327", "ethnologue_code": "ron", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": 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Distinct from <i>f\u0250l-\u02c8a-\u027e</i> {falar} 'to speak' [Feyershtein & Starets 2005: 386].", "valueset_pk": 6641, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6641, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lStandardPortuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 88, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "diz-\u02c8e-\u027e {dizer}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 88, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "port1283", "ethnologue_code": "por", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "StandardPortuguese", "name": "Standard Portuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 39.91, "longitude": -8.1}, "name": "Standard Portuguese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-8.1, 39.91]}, "id": "StandardPortuguese"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 7632, "ipa": "di\u03b8-\u02c8i-\u027e  ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lGalician-0", "name": "di\u03b8-\u02c8i-\u027e {dicir} ", "description": "Montoya Bola\u00f1os 2015; Franco Grande 1968: 345; Fern\u00e1ndez Armesto 1981: 252; Carr\u00e9 Alvarellos 1972: 945, 371. ", "markup_description": "Montoya Bola\u00f1os 2015; Franco Grande 1968: 345; Fern\u00e1ndez Armesto 1981: 252; Carr\u00e9 Alvarellos 1972: 945, 371. ", "valueset_pk": 6642, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6642, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lGalician", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 89, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 7642, "ipa": " ", "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lGalician-1", "name": " ", "description": " ", "markup_description": " ", "valueset_pk": 6642, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6642, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lGalician", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 89, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "di\u03b8-\u02c8i-\u027e {dicir} ,  ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 89, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "gali1258", "ethnologue_code": "glg", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Galician", "name": "Galician", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 42.2446, "longitude": -7.5343}, "name": "Galician"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-7.5343, 42.2446]}, "id": "Galician"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 7633, "ipa": "d\u02c8i-\u027ee ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lProvencalOccitan-0", "name": "d\u02c8i-\u027ee {dire}", "description": "Coupier 1995: 416-417.", "markup_description": "Coupier 1995: 416-417.", "valueset_pk": 6643, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6643, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lProvencalOccitan", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 90, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "d\u02c8i-\u027ee {dire}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 90, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "prov1235", "ethnologue_code": "oci", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ProvencalOccitan", "name": "Proven\u00e7al Occitan", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 44.0, "longitude": 6.0}, "name": "Proven\u00e7al Occitan"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.0, 44.0]}, "id": "ProvencalOccitan"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 7636, "ipa": "di-\u0281 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lStandardFrench-0", "name": "di-\u0281 {dire}", "description": "Robert-Collins 1989: 603-604; Rayevskaya 2013: 586.", "markup_description": "Robert-Collins 1989: 603-604; Rayevskaya 2013: 586.", "valueset_pk": 6646, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 6646, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lStandardFrench", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 93, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "di-\u0281 {dire}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 93, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "stan1290", "ethnologue_code": "fra", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "StandardFrench", "name": "Standard French", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 48.0, "longitude": 2.0}, "name": "Standard French"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [2.0, 48.0]}, "id": "StandardFrench"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 10104, "ipa": "l\u00f8\u0303\u0301 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lSkou-0", "name": "l\u00f6\u0303\u0301 {lo\u0301eng}", "description": "Donohue 2002: 37; Donohue 2004: 527. Polysemy \u2018tell / speak / say\u2019. Examples: \"She told them to go home\" (Donohue 2002: 37); \"And I said to my children: Oh, I don\u2019t have any money\" (Donohue 2004: 591).<br/>Distinct from la\u0301 {la\u0301} with the specific meaning \u2018to utter / to name\u2019 (Donohue 2002: 31; Donohue 2004: 526). Compare \"uncle is saying the names of children\" (Donohue 2002: 31).<br/>", "markup_description": "Donohue 2002: 37; Donohue 2004: 527. Polysemy \u2018tell / speak / say\u2019. Examples: \"She told them to go home\" (Donohue 2002: 37); \"And I said to my children: Oh, I don\u2019t have any money\" (Donohue 2004: 591).<br/>Distinct from la\u0301 {la\u0301} with the specific meaning \u2018to utter / to name\u2019 (Donohue 2002: 31; Donohue 2004: 526). Compare \"uncle is saying the names of children\" (Donohue 2002: 31).<br/>", "valueset_pk": 8981, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 8981, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lSkou", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 96, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "l\u00f6\u0303\u0301 {lo\u0301eng}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 96, "parent_pk": 6, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "nucl1634", "ethnologue_code": "skv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Skou", "name": "Skou", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -2.64378, "longitude": 140.902}, "name": "Skou"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [140.902, -2.64378]}, "id": "Skou"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11903, "ipa": "e\u03c7-  ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lVartashenUdi-0", "name": "e\u03c7- {\u0435\u0445-} ", "description": "Schiefner 1863: 29-32, 98; Dirr 1903: 52, 58, 69; Schulze 2005: 539 (3.4.2.1 #22); Schulze 2001: 307. A suppletive paradigm: <i>e\u03c7- </i>(present) / <i>p- </i>(infinitive) / <i>up-</i> (imperative) / <i>p- </i>(past) / <i>uk\u02d0-</i> (future). \nCommon Udi notes: The general suppletive pattern is the same in both dialects, although some important details differ. The main difficulty is in the discrepancy between present tense roots Nidzh <i>ne\u03c7-</i> and Vartashen <i>e\u03c7-</i>, which do not correspond to each other. Currently, we do not see any phonetic or morphological way to compare these morphemes etymologically. It must be noted that it is possible to propose some Lezgian <i>comparanda</i> for Vartashen <i>e\u03c7-</i>, but probably not for Nidzh <i>ne\u03c7-</i>.     \n\tThe reconstruction of Proto-Caucasian Albanian-Udi paradigm is a more intricate question, because both <i>ne\u03c7-</i> and <i>e\u03c7-</i> lack cognates in known Caucasian Albanian lexicon.     \n\tOn one hand, the Udi present <i>(n)e\u03c7-</i> looks like a pure archaism, since this is the only Udi verb whose present tense forms are not derived from the infinitive [Maisak 2008a: 109] (on the secondary origin of the modern Udi present pattern see [Maisak 2008b: 169 ff.]).     \n\tOn the other hand, the Caucasian Albanian present stem <i>uk\u02bc-a-</i> directly corresponds to the modern Nidzh conjunctive <i>uk\u02d0-a-</i>, cited, e.g., in [Maisak 2008b: 206 (ex. 92)] (the hypothesis that the modern Udi conjunctive with thematic <i>-a-</i> originates from the old present has perspicaciously been proposed in [Maisak 2008b: 208 ff., 216] and is now proven by Caucasian Albanian data).     \n\tIn the light of the latter, the modern Udi present tense morphemes <i>(n)e\u03c7-</i> look like a recent innovation that superseded old <i>uk\u02d0-</i> in the present forms, whereas <i>uk\u02d0-</i> is still retained in the conjunctive and the <i>al-</i>participle (on the basis of which the future tense is formed in modern Udi).     \n\tIn fact, the situation is quite unclear. Note also a likely hypothesis that in the verb system the general proto-opposition was imperfective (= present) with thematic <i>-a-</i> vs. perfective (= past) with thematic -<i>i-</i> (or <i>-e-</i>?) [Maisak 2008b: 208].     \n\tAnother issue to be discussed is the variation of the morphemes <i>up- ~ p-</i>, which are used for the infinitive, past and imperative both in Caucasian Albanian and modern Udi. It must be noted that the distribution of the variants with and without <i>u-</i> is not fully the same in Caucasian Albanian, Nidzh and Vartashen. In the light of the Caucasian Albanian data, it is natural to suppose that the modern Udi infinitive-masdar forms with <i>p-</i> (<i>p-es, p-esun</i>) are secondary (these are probably leveled up after the past stem <i>p(e)-</i>).     \n\tThus, we have at least three archaic verbs with the fluctuation between <i>uC- </i>and <i>CV-</i> within the paradigm, namely:     \n\t1) 'to die/kill' q.v.: <i>up\u02bc</i> infinitive, 'death, dying' (CA) / <i>p\u02bcu-r-</i> past stem (CA, Udi);     \n\t2) 'to eat' q.v.: <i>uk- </i>present, infinitive, imperative, future stem (CA, Udi) / <i>ka(y)</i> past stem (CA, Udi);     \n\t3) 'to say': <i>up- </i>infinitive, imperative (CA, Udi) / <i>p(e)- </i>past (CA, Udi).     \n\tIt is obvious that we deal with the remnant of some kind of ablaut: <i>*V</i><sub>\u2081</sub><i>CV </i>in the infinitive, imperative and present(?) (> CA-Udi <i>uC-</i>) vs. <i>*V</i><sub>\u2082</sub><i>CV </i>in the past (> CA-Udi <i>CV-</i> with reduction of the initial vowel). For Ablaut in Proto-Lezgian, see some preliminary observations in [NCED: 166 ff.]. Out of several supposed patterns the best traced one is <i>*i</i> (the infinitive and terminative stems, <i>scil</i>. perfective) vs. *<i>\u00e4</i> (the durative stem, <i>scil</i>. imperfective). This could be the Caucasian Albanian-Udi case, although Proto-Lezgian TMA oppositions as well as segmental vocalic reconstruction have not yet been sufficiently elaborated.     \n\tSumming up, the following Proto-Caucasian Albanian-Udi suppletive paradigm for 'to say' can be reconstructed with relative safety: <i>*uk\u02bc-a-</i> (imperfective) / *<i>up- </i>(infinitive, imperative) / *<i>p(e)- </i>(perfective). The origin as well as the paradigmatic status of the modern present roots, Nidzh <i>ne\u03c7-</i>, Vartashen <i>e\u03c7-</i>, are obscure.     \n\t<b>Caucasian Albanian</b>: <i>uk\u02bc-a-</i> (<i>~ k\u02bc-</i>) (present, <i>al-</i>participle) / <i>up- </i>(infinitive, imperative) / <i>p- </i>(past) [Gippert et al. 2008: II-44, 51, IV-35].     \n\tThe present stem appears in two variants: <i>uk\u02bc-a-</i> and <i>k'-a-</i>. The general distribution is as follows: <i>uk\u02bc-a-</i> in plain forms / <i>k\u02bc-a-</i> as a second root in verbal compounds (although with minor exceptions in both directions). Obviously, <i>uk\u02bc-</i> is the original variant, whereas <i>k\u02bc-</i> represents a secondary syncope of the first vowel (apparently caused by vowel contraction at the morpheme boundaries). ", "markup_description": "Schiefner 1863: 29-32, 98; Dirr 1903: 52, 58, 69; Schulze 2005: 539 (3.4.2.1 #22); Schulze 2001: 307. A suppletive paradigm: <i>e\u03c7- </i>(present) / <i>p- </i>(infinitive) / <i>up-</i> (imperative) / <i>p- </i>(past) / <i>uk\u02d0-</i> (future). \nCommon Udi notes: The general suppletive pattern is the same in both dialects, although some important details differ. The main difficulty is in the discrepancy between present tense roots Nidzh <i>ne\u03c7-</i> and Vartashen <i>e\u03c7-</i>, which do not correspond to each other. Currently, we do not see any phonetic or morphological way to compare these morphemes etymologically. It must be noted that it is possible to propose some Lezgian <i>comparanda</i> for Vartashen <i>e\u03c7-</i>, but probably not for Nidzh <i>ne\u03c7-</i>.     \n\tThe reconstruction of Proto-Caucasian Albanian-Udi paradigm is a more intricate question, because both <i>ne\u03c7-</i> and <i>e\u03c7-</i> lack cognates in known Caucasian Albanian lexicon.     \n\tOn one hand, the Udi present <i>(n)e\u03c7-</i> looks like a pure archaism, since this is the only Udi verb whose present tense forms are not derived from the infinitive [Maisak 2008a: 109] (on the secondary origin of the modern Udi present pattern see [Maisak 2008b: 169 ff.]).     \n\tOn the other hand, the Caucasian Albanian present stem <i>uk\u02bc-a-</i> directly corresponds to the modern Nidzh conjunctive <i>uk\u02d0-a-</i>, cited, e.g., in [Maisak 2008b: 206 (ex. 92)] (the hypothesis that the modern Udi conjunctive with thematic <i>-a-</i> originates from the old present has perspicaciously been proposed in [Maisak 2008b: 208 ff., 216] and is now proven by Caucasian Albanian data).     \n\tIn the light of the latter, the modern Udi present tense morphemes <i>(n)e\u03c7-</i> look like a recent innovation that superseded old <i>uk\u02d0-</i> in the present forms, whereas <i>uk\u02d0-</i> is still retained in the conjunctive and the <i>al-</i>participle (on the basis of which the future tense is formed in modern Udi).     \n\tIn fact, the situation is quite unclear. Note also a likely hypothesis that in the verb system the general proto-opposition was imperfective (= present) with thematic <i>-a-</i> vs. perfective (= past) with thematic -<i>i-</i> (or <i>-e-</i>?) [Maisak 2008b: 208].     \n\tAnother issue to be discussed is the variation of the morphemes <i>up- ~ p-</i>, which are used for the infinitive, past and imperative both in Caucasian Albanian and modern Udi. It must be noted that the distribution of the variants with and without <i>u-</i> is not fully the same in Caucasian Albanian, Nidzh and Vartashen. In the light of the Caucasian Albanian data, it is natural to suppose that the modern Udi infinitive-masdar forms with <i>p-</i> (<i>p-es, p-esun</i>) are secondary (these are probably leveled up after the past stem <i>p(e)-</i>).     \n\tThus, we have at least three archaic verbs with the fluctuation between <i>uC- </i>and <i>CV-</i> within the paradigm, namely:     \n\t1) 'to die/kill' q.v.: <i>up\u02bc</i> infinitive, 'death, dying' (CA) / <i>p\u02bcu-r-</i> past stem (CA, Udi);     \n\t2) 'to eat' q.v.: <i>uk- </i>present, infinitive, imperative, future stem (CA, Udi) / <i>ka(y)</i> past stem (CA, Udi);     \n\t3) 'to say': <i>up- </i>infinitive, imperative (CA, Udi) / <i>p(e)- </i>past (CA, Udi).     \n\tIt is obvious that we deal with the remnant of some kind of ablaut: <i>*V</i><sub>\u2081</sub><i>CV </i>in the infinitive, imperative and present(?) (> CA-Udi <i>uC-</i>) vs. <i>*V</i><sub>\u2082</sub><i>CV </i>in the past (> CA-Udi <i>CV-</i> with reduction of the initial vowel). For Ablaut in Proto-Lezgian, see some preliminary observations in [NCED: 166 ff.]. Out of several supposed patterns the best traced one is <i>*i</i> (the infinitive and terminative stems, <i>scil</i>. perfective) vs. *<i>\u00e4</i> (the durative stem, <i>scil</i>. imperfective). This could be the Caucasian Albanian-Udi case, although Proto-Lezgian TMA oppositions as well as segmental vocalic reconstruction have not yet been sufficiently elaborated.     \n\tSumming up, the following Proto-Caucasian Albanian-Udi suppletive paradigm for 'to say' can be reconstructed with relative safety: <i>*uk\u02bc-a-</i> (imperfective) / *<i>up- </i>(infinitive, imperative) / *<i>p(e)- </i>(perfective). The origin as well as the paradigmatic status of the modern present roots, Nidzh <i>ne\u03c7-</i>, Vartashen <i>e\u03c7-</i>, are obscure.     \n\t<b>Caucasian Albanian</b>: <i>uk\u02bc-a-</i> (<i>~ k\u02bc-</i>) (present, <i>al-</i>participle) / <i>up- </i>(infinitive, imperative) / <i>p- </i>(past) [Gippert et al. 2008: II-44, 51, IV-35].     \n\tThe present stem appears in two variants: <i>uk\u02bc-a-</i> and <i>k'-a-</i>. The general distribution is as follows: <i>uk\u02bc-a-</i> in plain forms / <i>k\u02bc-a-</i> as a second root in verbal compounds (although with minor exceptions in both directions). Obviously, <i>uk\u02bc-</i> is the original variant, whereas <i>k\u02bc-</i> represents a secondary syncope of the first vowel (apparently caused by vowel contraction at the morpheme boundaries). ", "valueset_pk": 10492, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10492, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lVartashenUdi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 98, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11924, "ipa": "p-", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lVartashenUdi-1", "name": "p-", "description": "Perfective stem.\nCommon Udi notes: ", "markup_description": "Perfective stem.\nCommon Udi notes: ", "valueset_pk": 10492, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10492, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lVartashenUdi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 98, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "e\u03c7- {\u0435\u0445-} , p-", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 98, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "udii1243", "ethnologue_code": "udi", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "VartashenUdi", "name": "Vartashen Udi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.9, "longitude": 47.7236}, "name": "Vartashen Udi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.7236, 40.9]}, "id": "VartashenUdi"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11904, "ipa": "bo- ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lArchi-0", "name": "bo- ", "description": "Chumakina et al. 2007; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Kibrik et al. 1977b: 204, 380; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765; Mikailov 1967: 175; Dirr 1908: 135, 221.  \n\tAs described in [Kibrik et al. 1977a 2: 71; Kibrik et al. 1977a 3: 242; Chumakina et al. 2007], a suppletive verb: <i>bo-</i> [inf., perf.] / <i>war-</i> [imperf.] / <i>ba</i> [imv.]. We treat <i>bo-</i> and <i>wa-r-</i> as synonyms (although both synchronic roots are etymologically related).", "markup_description": "Chumakina et al. 2007; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Kibrik et al. 1977b: 204, 380; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765; Mikailov 1967: 175; Dirr 1908: 135, 221.  \n\tAs described in [Kibrik et al. 1977a 2: 71; Kibrik et al. 1977a 3: 242; Chumakina et al. 2007], a suppletive verb: <i>bo-</i> [inf., perf.] / <i>war-</i> [imperf.] / <i>ba</i> [imv.]. We treat <i>bo-</i> and <i>wa-r-</i> as synonyms (although both synchronic roots are etymologically related).", "valueset_pk": 10493, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10493, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lArchi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 99, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11925, "ipa": "wa-r- ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lArchi-1", "name": "wa-r- ", "description": "Chumakina et al. 2007; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Kibrik et al. 1977b: 204, 380. ", "markup_description": "Chumakina et al. 2007; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Kibrik et al. 1977b: 204, 380. ", "valueset_pk": 10493, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10493, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lArchi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 99, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "bo- , wa-r- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 99, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "arch1244", "ethnologue_code": "aqc", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Archi", "name": "Archi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 42.3239, "longitude": 46.8267}, "name": "Archi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [46.8267, 42.3239]}, "id": "Archi"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11905, "ipa": "l=u- ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKrytsproper-0", "name": "l=u- ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765. Synchronically suppletive verb: <i>l=u-r-i</i> [imperf.] / <i>l=ip-</i> [perf., imv.] / <i>m=u\u0294u</i> [prohib.]. We treat <i>lu-</i> and <i>lip-</i> as synonyms (although both synchronic morphemes are etymologically related). The initial <i>l=</i> is a fossilized prefix.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765. Synchronically suppletive verb: <i>l=u-r-i</i> [imperf.] / <i>l=ip-</i> [perf., imv.] / <i>m=u\u0294u</i> [prohib.]. We treat <i>lu-</i> and <i>lip-</i> as synonyms (although both synchronic morphemes are etymologically related). The initial <i>l=</i> is a fossilized prefix.", "valueset_pk": 10494, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10494, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKrytsproper", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 100, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11926, "ipa": "l=ip- ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKrytsproper-1", "name": "l=ip- ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765. Perfective stem.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765. Perfective stem.", "valueset_pk": 10494, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10494, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKrytsproper", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 100, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "l=u- , l=ip- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 100, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "kryt1240", "ethnologue_code": "kry", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Krytsproper", "name": "Kryts (proper)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.1811, "longitude": 48.1846}, "name": "Kryts (proper)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [48.1846, 41.1811]}, "id": "Krytsproper"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11907, "ipa": "ju\u0294u-  ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lBudukh-0", "name": "yu\u0294u- {\u0439\u0443\u044a\u0443-} ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148. Missing from [Meylanova 1984] as a separate entry, but attested in examples, e.g., [Meylanova 1984: 71 sub <i>yers\u0268z</i>].   \n\tSynchronically suppletive verb: <i>yu\u0294u-r-</i> [imperf.] / <i>y\u0268p\u0259-</i> [perf., imv.] / <i>yu-mo-\u0294u</i> [prohib.]. We treat <i>yu\u0294u-</i> and <i>y\u0268p\u0259-</i> as synonyms (although both synchronic morphemes are etymologically related). Initial <i>y-</i> could theoretically be the prefix 'across' [Alekseev 1994: 271].   \n\tIn [Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765], 'to say' is incorrectly glossed as <i>\u0127araq\u02bcar</i>- {\u0445I\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u044c\u0430\u0440}, which in fact means 'to tell, speak' [Meylanova 1984: 149; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 149].", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148. Missing from [Meylanova 1984] as a separate entry, but attested in examples, e.g., [Meylanova 1984: 71 sub <i>yers\u0268z</i>].   \n\tSynchronically suppletive verb: <i>yu\u0294u-r-</i> [imperf.] / <i>y\u0268p\u0259-</i> [perf., imv.] / <i>yu-mo-\u0294u</i> [prohib.]. We treat <i>yu\u0294u-</i> and <i>y\u0268p\u0259-</i> as synonyms (although both synchronic morphemes are etymologically related). Initial <i>y-</i> could theoretically be the prefix 'across' [Alekseev 1994: 271].   \n\tIn [Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765], 'to say' is incorrectly glossed as <i>\u0127araq\u02bcar</i>- {\u0445I\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u044c\u0430\u0440}, which in fact means 'to tell, speak' [Meylanova 1984: 149; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 149].", "valueset_pk": 10496, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10496, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lBudukh", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 102, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11928, "ipa": "j\u0268p\u0259-  ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lBudukh-1", "name": "y\u0268p\u0259- {\u0439\u044b\u043f\u0430-} ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148. Perfective stem.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148. Perfective stem.", "valueset_pk": 10496, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10496, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lBudukh", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 102, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "yu\u0294u- {\u0439\u0443\u044a\u0443-} , y\u0268p\u0259- {\u0439\u044b\u043f\u0430-} ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 102, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "budu1248", "ethnologue_code": "bdk", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Budukh", "name": "Budukh", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.2272, "longitude": 48.3353}, "name": "Budukh"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [48.3353, 41.2272]}, "id": "Budukh"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11911, "ipa": "CLASS=ux-  ", "cognate_class": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMukhadRutul-0", "name": "CLASS=ux- {\u0433\u044c\u0443\u0445\u044c\u0443\u0441} ", "description": "Dirr 1912: 176, 200; Ibragimov 1978: 32, 74, 94, 106, 120; Makhmudova 2001: 98, 146, 150, 160, 207, 210, 211, 247. Ablaut paradigm: <i>r=ux-u-r-</i> [imperf.] / CLASS=<i>ux-u</i>-<i>r</i> [perf.] / CLASS=<i>ix</i> [imv.] / <i>ma=r=ux</i> [prohib.]. In [Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765], erroneously quoted as <i>\u00fcx</i>- {\u0443\u044c\u0445\u044c\u0443\u043d}. Polysemy: 'to say / to sing'.   \n\tThe same apophonic root is attested with various prefixes: <i>\u0281=axu-</i> {\u0433\u044a\u0430\u0445\u044c\u0443\u0441} 'to say smth. to another person to impart it to a third person' [Makhmudova 2001: 120], <i>q=uxu-</i> 'to retell' [Ibragimov 1978: 121].   \n\tDistinct from durative CLASS=<i>alg</i>- {\u0433\u044c\u0430\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0441} 'to talk' [Dirr 1912: 123; Ibragimov 1978: 119 f.; Makhmudova 2001: 244].\nCommon Rutul notes: The original root is <i>=ux\u02b7-</i> (as proved by the thematic <i>-u-</i> in the imperfective stem), although the imperative and prohibitive forms have been secondarily delabialized in the modern dialects (a common Rutul process of the delabialization of verbal roots).  \n\tInitial <i>r= </i>is the imperfective exponent.", "markup_description": "Dirr 1912: 176, 200; Ibragimov 1978: 32, 74, 94, 106, 120; Makhmudova 2001: 98, 146, 150, 160, 207, 210, 211, 247. Ablaut paradigm: <i>r=ux-u-r-</i> [imperf.] / CLASS=<i>ux-u</i>-<i>r</i> [perf.] / CLASS=<i>ix</i> [imv.] / <i>ma=r=ux</i> [prohib.]. In [Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 765], erroneously quoted as <i>\u00fcx</i>- {\u0443\u044c\u0445\u044c\u0443\u043d}. Polysemy: 'to say / to sing'.   \n\tThe same apophonic root is attested with various prefixes: <i>\u0281=axu-</i> {\u0433\u044a\u0430\u0445\u044c\u0443\u0441} 'to say smth. to another person to impart it to a third person' [Makhmudova 2001: 120], <i>q=uxu-</i> 'to retell' [Ibragimov 1978: 121].   \n\tDistinct from durative CLASS=<i>alg</i>- {\u0433\u044c\u0430\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0441} 'to talk' [Dirr 1912: 123; Ibragimov 1978: 119 f.; Makhmudova 2001: 244].\nCommon Rutul notes: The original root is <i>=ux\u02b7-</i> (as proved by the thematic <i>-u-</i> in the imperfective stem), although the imperative and prohibitive forms have been secondarily delabialized in the modern dialects (a common Rutul process of the delabialization of verbal roots).  \n\tInitial <i>r= </i>is the imperfective exponent.", "valueset_pk": 10500, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10500, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMukhadRutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 106, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11932, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMukhadRutul-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "\nCommon Rutul notes: ", "markup_description": "\nCommon Rutul notes: ", "valueset_pk": 10500, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10500, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lMukhadRutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 106, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "CLASS=ux- {\u0433\u044c\u0443\u0445\u044c\u0443\u0441} , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 106, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "rutu1240", "ethnologue_code": "rut", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "MukhadRutul", "name": "Mukhad Rutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.6187, "longitude": 47.3244}, "name": "Mukhad Rutul"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.3244, 41.6187]}, "id": "MukhadRutul"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11913, "ipa": "CLASS=ux- ", "cognate_class": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLuchekRutul-0", "name": "CLASS=ux- ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148. Paradigm: <i>r=ux-u-r-</i> [imperf.] / CLASS=<i>ux-u</i>-<i>r</i> [perf.] / CLASS=<i>ux-u-y</i> [imv.] / <i>ma=r=ux</i> [prohib.]. \n\tDistinct from durative CLASS=<i>alg</i>- 'to talk' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148].\nCommon Rutul notes: The original root is <i>=ux\u02b7-</i> (as proved by the thematic <i>-u-</i> in the imperfective stem), although the imperative and prohibitive forms have been secondarily delabialized in the modern dialects (a common Rutul process of the delabialization of verbal roots).  \n\tInitial <i>r= </i>is the imperfective exponent.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148. Paradigm: <i>r=ux-u-r-</i> [imperf.] / CLASS=<i>ux-u</i>-<i>r</i> [perf.] / CLASS=<i>ux-u-y</i> [imv.] / <i>ma=r=ux</i> [prohib.]. \n\tDistinct from durative CLASS=<i>alg</i>- 'to talk' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148].\nCommon Rutul notes: The original root is <i>=ux\u02b7-</i> (as proved by the thematic <i>-u-</i> in the imperfective stem), although the imperative and prohibitive forms have been secondarily delabialized in the modern dialects (a common Rutul process of the delabialization of verbal roots).  \n\tInitial <i>r= </i>is the imperfective exponent.", "valueset_pk": 10502, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10502, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLuchekRutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 108, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11934, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLuchekRutul-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "\nCommon Rutul notes: ", "markup_description": "\nCommon Rutul notes: ", "valueset_pk": 10502, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10502, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLuchekRutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 108, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "CLASS=ux- , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 108, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "rutu1240", "ethnologue_code": "rut", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "LuchekRutul", "name": "Luchek Rutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.6187, "longitude": 47.3244}, "name": "Luchek Rutul"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.3244, 41.6187]}, "id": "LuchekRutul"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11914, "ipa": "k\u02d0-a- ", "cognate_class": 5, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKoshanAghul-0", "name": "k\u02d0-a- ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Magometov 1970: 228 sentences 7, 9, 13. Suppletive stem: <i>k\u02d0-a- </i>[imperf.] / <i>p-una-w</i> [perf.] / <i>ip</i> [imv.] / <i>p-a-</i> [inf., prohib.]. The imperfective stem is missing from [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988], but attested in the Burshag text from [Magometov 1970]. The imperfective stem <i>k\u02d0-a-</i> 'to say' is also attested in the Arsug and Khudig subdialects, see [Magometov 1970: 230 sentences 9, 10; 234 sentences 17, 18; 236 sentences 6, 12; 236 sentences 17, 25].   \n\tDistinct from Burshag <i>w=a\u03c7\u02b7-a-</i> 'to speak' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Suleymanov 2003: 56].\nCommon Aghul notes: The Koshan and non-Koshan dialects differ as to the imperfective stem: Koshan <i>k\u02d0-a-</i> / non-Koshan <i>a\u0281-a-</i>. The Lezgian etymology of both imperfective roots is not entirely clear.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Magometov 1970: 228 sentences 7, 9, 13. Suppletive stem: <i>k\u02d0-a- </i>[imperf.] / <i>p-una-w</i> [perf.] / <i>ip</i> [imv.] / <i>p-a-</i> [inf., prohib.]. The imperfective stem is missing from [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988], but attested in the Burshag text from [Magometov 1970]. The imperfective stem <i>k\u02d0-a-</i> 'to say' is also attested in the Arsug and Khudig subdialects, see [Magometov 1970: 230 sentences 9, 10; 234 sentences 17, 18; 236 sentences 6, 12; 236 sentences 17, 25].   \n\tDistinct from Burshag <i>w=a\u03c7\u02b7-a-</i> 'to speak' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148; Suleymanov 2003: 56].\nCommon Aghul notes: The Koshan and non-Koshan dialects differ as to the imperfective stem: Koshan <i>k\u02d0-a-</i> / non-Koshan <i>a\u0281-a-</i>. The Lezgian etymology of both imperfective roots is not entirely clear.", "valueset_pk": 10503, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10503, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKoshanAghul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 109, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11935, "ipa": "p-una- ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKoshanAghul-1", "name": "p-una- ", "description": "Perfective stem.\nCommon Aghul notes: ", "markup_description": "Perfective stem.\nCommon Aghul notes: ", "valueset_pk": 10503, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10503, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lKoshanAghul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 109, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "k\u02d0-a- , p-una- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 109, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "kosh1245", "ethnologue_code": "agx", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "KoshanAghul", "name": "Koshan Aghul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.85, "longitude": 47.65}, "name": "Koshan Aghul"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.65, 41.85]}, "id": "KoshanAghul"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11918, "ipa": "a\u0281-a-j- ", "cognate_class": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lAghulproper-0", "name": "a\u0281-a-y- ", "description": "Suleymanov 2003: 139; Shaumyan 1941: 156. Suppletive paradigm: <i>a\u0281-a-y-</i> [imperf.] / <i>p-una-</i> [perf.] / <i>p-a- </i>[inf.] / <i>up</i> [imv.]. \n\tDistinct from Tpig <i>\u0281ur\u0281a-</i> 'to speak' [Suleymanov 2003: 56].", "markup_description": "Suleymanov 2003: 139; Shaumyan 1941: 156. Suppletive paradigm: <i>a\u0281-a-y-</i> [imperf.] / <i>p-una-</i> [perf.] / <i>p-a- </i>[inf.] / <i>up</i> [imv.]. \n\tDistinct from Tpig <i>\u0281ur\u0281a-</i> 'to speak' [Suleymanov 2003: 56].", "valueset_pk": 10507, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10507, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lAghulproper", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 113, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11939, "ipa": "p-una- ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lAghulproper-1", "name": "p-una- ", "description": "Perfective stem.", "markup_description": "Perfective stem.", "valueset_pk": 10507, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10507, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lAghulproper", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 113, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "a\u0281-a-y- , p-una- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 113, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "aghu1253", "ethnologue_code": "agx", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Aghulproper", "name": "Aghul (proper)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.9242, "longitude": 47.5843}, "name": "Aghul (proper)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.5843, 41.9242]}, "id": "Aghulproper"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11919, "ipa": "k\u02bc- ", "cognate_class": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lNorthernTabasaran-0", "name": "k\u02bc- ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148. Suppletive paradigm: <i>k\u02bc-</i> [imperf.] / <i>p-</i> [perf., inf.]. Distinct from Dyubek <i>gaf-\u02c8ar ap\u02bc-</i> 'to speak', literally 'to make words' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148].   \n\tThe same in the Khanag subdialect:<i> k\u02bc-</i> [imperf.] / <i>p-</i> [perf., inf.] / <i>yip</i> [inf.] 'to say' [Uslar 1979: 876, 1005; Dirr 1905: 200, 242]. The same in the Khyuryuk subdialect:<i> k\u02bc-</i> [imperf.] / <i>p-</i> [perf., inf.] / <i>yip</i> [imv.] {\u043f\u0443\u0432} 'to say' [Genko 2005: 129].\nCommon Tabasaran notes: Except for some fluctuations in the infinitive form, the suppletive paradigms are identical in all the dialects.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148. Suppletive paradigm: <i>k\u02bc-</i> [imperf.] / <i>p-</i> [perf., inf.]. Distinct from Dyubek <i>gaf-\u02c8ar ap\u02bc-</i> 'to speak', literally 'to make words' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 148].   \n\tThe same in the Khanag subdialect:<i> k\u02bc-</i> [imperf.] / <i>p-</i> [perf., inf.] / <i>yip</i> [inf.] 'to say' [Uslar 1979: 876, 1005; Dirr 1905: 200, 242]. The same in the Khyuryuk subdialect:<i> k\u02bc-</i> [imperf.] / <i>p-</i> [perf., inf.] / <i>yip</i> [imv.] {\u043f\u0443\u0432} 'to say' [Genko 2005: 129].\nCommon Tabasaran notes: Except for some fluctuations in the infinitive form, the suppletive paradigms are identical in all the dialects.", "valueset_pk": 10508, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10508, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lNorthernTabasaran", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 114, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11940, "ipa": "p- ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lNorthernTabasaran-1", "name": "p- ", "description": "Perfective root.\nCommon Tabasaran notes: ", "markup_description": "Perfective root.\nCommon Tabasaran notes: ", "valueset_pk": 10508, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10508, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lNorthernTabasaran", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 114, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "k\u02bc- , p- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 114, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "taba1259", "ethnologue_code": "tab", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "NorthernTabasaran", "name": "Northern Tabasaran", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 42.0198, "longitude": 47.8379}, "name": "Northern Tabasaran"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.8379, 42.0198]}, "id": "NorthernTabasaran"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11921, "ipa": "l=uh\u02c8u- ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lGyuneLezgi-0", "name": "l=uh\u02c8u- ", "description": "Uslar 1896: 499, 632. Ablaut paradigm: <i>l=uh\u02c8u</i>- [imperf.] / <i>l=ah\u02c8a</i>- [perf.] / <i>l=ah</i> [imv.]. Initial <i>l=</i> is a fossilized prefix. Distinct from two Gyune verbs for 'to speak': <i>lek\u02bc\u02b7\u02c8en- / lek\u02bc\u02c8\u00fcn-</i> [Uslar 1896: 498, 608] and <i>gaf\u02c8ar- </i>[Uslar 1896: 376, 608] - the latter is historically a complex verb 'to do words', consisting of <i>gaf-\u02c8ar </i>'words' and <i>ey\u02c8i- / aw\u02c8u-</i> 'to do'.   \n\tThe same in Literary Lezgi:<i> l=uh\u02c8u</i>- [imperf.] / <i>l=ah\u02c8a</i>- [perf.] / <i>l=ah ~ l=aha</i> [imv.] {\u043b\u0443\u0433\u044c\u0443\u043d} 'to say' [Talibov & Gadzhiev 1966: 225; Gadzhiev 1950: 769; Haspelmath 1993: 497, 525; Gyulmagomedov 2004, 2: 21]. Distinct from literary <i>ra\u03c7\u02c8a-</i> [imperf.] / <i>ra\u03c7\u02c8u-</i> [perf.] {\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0443\u043d} 'to speak' [Talibov & Gadzhiev 1966: 273; Gadzhiev 1950: 144; Haspelmath 1993: 505, 526; Gyulmagomedov 2004, 2: 146] and <i>l\u00fck\u02bc\u00fcn- </i>{\u043b\u0443\u044c\u043aI\u0443\u044c\u043d\u0443\u043d} [Talibov & Gadzhiev 1966: 226; Gadzhiev 1950: 144; Gyulmagomedov 2004, 2: 23] - the latter verb is marked as \"dialectal\" in the dictionaries.", "markup_description": "Uslar 1896: 499, 632. Ablaut paradigm: <i>l=uh\u02c8u</i>- [imperf.] / <i>l=ah\u02c8a</i>- [perf.] / <i>l=ah</i> [imv.]. Initial <i>l=</i> is a fossilized prefix. Distinct from two Gyune verbs for 'to speak': <i>lek\u02bc\u02b7\u02c8en- / lek\u02bc\u02c8\u00fcn-</i> [Uslar 1896: 498, 608] and <i>gaf\u02c8ar- </i>[Uslar 1896: 376, 608] - the latter is historically a complex verb 'to do words', consisting of <i>gaf-\u02c8ar </i>'words' and <i>ey\u02c8i- / aw\u02c8u-</i> 'to do'.   \n\tThe same in Literary Lezgi:<i> l=uh\u02c8u</i>- [imperf.] / <i>l=ah\u02c8a</i>- [perf.] / <i>l=ah ~ l=aha</i> [imv.] {\u043b\u0443\u0433\u044c\u0443\u043d} 'to say' [Talibov & Gadzhiev 1966: 225; Gadzhiev 1950: 769; Haspelmath 1993: 497, 525; Gyulmagomedov 2004, 2: 21]. Distinct from literary <i>ra\u03c7\u02c8a-</i> [imperf.] / <i>ra\u03c7\u02c8u-</i> [perf.] {\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0443\u043d} 'to speak' [Talibov & Gadzhiev 1966: 273; Gadzhiev 1950: 144; Haspelmath 1993: 505, 526; Gyulmagomedov 2004, 2: 146] and <i>l\u00fck\u02bc\u00fcn- </i>{\u043b\u0443\u044c\u043aI\u0443\u044c\u043d\u0443\u043d} [Talibov & Gadzhiev 1966: 226; Gadzhiev 1950: 144; Gyulmagomedov 2004, 2: 23] - the latter verb is marked as \"dialectal\" in the dictionaries.", "valueset_pk": 10510, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 10510, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lGyuneLezgi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 116, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "l=uh\u02c8u- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 116, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "lezg1247", "ethnologue_code": "lez", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "GyuneLezgi", "name": "Gyune Lezgi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.5157, "longitude": 47.8951}, "name": "Gyune Lezgi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.8951, 41.5157]}, "id": "GyuneLezgi"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 14345, "ipa": "r\u025b-c ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lOrbaniciChakavian-0", "name": "r\u025b-\u0236 {r\u0205\u0107}", "description": "Kalsbeek 1998: 536-537. Distinct from <i>govor-\u02c8i-t</i> {govor\u0209t} ~ <i>gwor-\u02c8i-t</i> {g<sup>u</sup>or\u0209t} 'to speak, to talk, to say' [Kalsbeek 1998: 448].  \nDistinct from the verb <i>dy\u00ea-n</i> {d<sup>i</sup>\u0207n} 'I say' [Kalsbeek 1998: 434], which has only the present form and is usually used to introduce direct speech.", "markup_description": "Kalsbeek 1998: 536-537. Distinct from <i>govor-\u02c8i-t</i> {govor\u0209t} ~ <i>gwor-\u02c8i-t</i> {g<sup>u</sup>or\u0209t} 'to speak, to talk, to say' [Kalsbeek 1998: 448].  \nDistinct from the verb <i>dy\u00ea-n</i> {d<sup>i</sup>\u0207n} 'I say' [Kalsbeek 1998: 434], which has only the present form and is usually used to introduce direct speech.", "valueset_pk": 12593, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12593, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lOrbaniciChakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 120, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "r\u025b-\u0236 {r\u0205\u0107}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 120, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "chak1265", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "OrbaniciChakavian", "name": "Orbanici Chakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Orbanici Chakavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "OrbaniciChakavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 14346, "ipa": "r\u025b-c ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lOrlecChakavian-0", "name": "r\u025b-\u0236 {r\u0205\u0107}", "description": "Houtzagers 1985: 340. Distinct from <i>g</i>\u0254<i>v</i>\u0254<i>r-\u02c8i-t</i> {govor\u0209t} 'to talk, to speak, to say' [Houtzagers 1985: 247].  \nDistinct from the verb <i>d\u00ea\u02d0-n</i> {d\u0207n} 'I say' [Houtzagers 1985: 229], which has only the present form and is usually used to introduce direct speech.", "markup_description": "Houtzagers 1985: 340. Distinct from <i>g</i>\u0254<i>v</i>\u0254<i>r-\u02c8i-t</i> {govor\u0209t} 'to talk, to speak, to say' [Houtzagers 1985: 247].  \nDistinct from the verb <i>d\u00ea\u02d0-n</i> {d\u0207n} 'I say' [Houtzagers 1985: 229], which has only the present form and is usually used to introduce direct speech.", "valueset_pk": 12594, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12594, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lOrlecChakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 121, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "r\u025b-\u0236 {r\u0205\u0107}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 121, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "chak1265", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "OrlecChakavian", "name": "Orlec Chakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Orlec Chakavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "OrlecChakavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 14347, "ipa": "r\u025b\u0302t\u0320\u0361\u0283i ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lVrgadaChakavian-0", "name": "r\u025b\u0302\u010di {r\u0205\u0107i}", "description": "Juri\u0161i\u0107 1973: 180. Distinct from <i>k\u0252\u02d0z-\u00e2-ti</i> {k<sup>o</sup>\u0101z\u0201ti} 'to say, to inform / to complain' [Juri\u0161i\u0107 1973: 88].", "markup_description": "Juri\u0161i\u0107 1973: 180. Distinct from <i>k\u0252\u02d0z-\u00e2-ti</i> {k<sup>o</sup>\u0101z\u0201ti} 'to say, to inform / to complain' [Juri\u0161i\u0107 1973: 88].", "valueset_pk": 12595, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12595, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lVrgadaChakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 122, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "r\u025b\u0302\u010di {r\u0205\u0107i}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 122, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "chak1265", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "VrgadaChakavian", "name": "Vrgada Chakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Vrgada Chakavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "VrgadaChakavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 14348, "ipa": "r\u025bc ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDevinskaNovaVesChakavian-0", "name": "r\u025b\u0236 {r\u00e8\u0165}", "description": "V\u00e1\u017en\u00fd 1927: 181.", "markup_description": "V\u00e1\u017en\u00fd 1927: 181.", "valueset_pk": 12596, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12596, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lDevinskaNovaVesChakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 123, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "r\u025b\u0236 {r\u00e8\u0165}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 123, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "chak1265", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "DevinskaNovaVesChakavian", "name": "Devinska Nova Ves Chakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Devinska Nova Ves Chakavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "DevinskaNovaVesChakavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 14349, "ipa": "r\u00e6t\u0320\u0361\u0283 ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lBurgenlandKajkavian-0", "name": "r\u00e4\u010d {r\u0205\u0327\u010d} ~ r\u00e4\u010d-t {r\u0205\u0327\u010dt} ~ r\u02c8\u00e4\u010d-ti {r\u0205\u0327\u010dti}", "description": "Houtzagers 1999: 304. Present paradigm: {ve\u0327j\u020bm} 'I say' / {ve\u0327j\u020b\u0161} 'you say' / {ve\u0327j\u020b} 'he says' / {ve\u0327j\u0209mo} 'we say' / {ve\u0327j\u0209te\u0327} 'you say' / {ve\u0327je\u0327\u0302} (Hidegs\u00e9g and Fert\u0151homok) ~ {ve\u0327j\u0209du} (Hidegs\u00e9g) 'they say'. Forms with <i>\u2013lj-</i> are less frequent than forms with <i>-j-</i>. Sometimes forms derived from {r\u0205\u0327\u010d}: {r\u0205\u0327\u010de\u0161} 'you say', {r\u0205\u0327\u010de\u0327} 'he says' are used. The first person forms {r\u0205\u0327ko} (Fert\u0151homok) and {r\u0205\u0327ku} (Hidegs\u00e9g) are used as historic present [Houtzagers 1999: 330, 151]. All the other forms are derived from {r\u0205\u0327\u010d}: l-participles {r\u0205\u0327kel} (masc.), {r\u0205\u0327kla} (fem.), {r\u0205\u0327kli} (masc. pl.), past participle {re\u0327\u010d\u0205\u0327no} (neut.), imperative {r\u0205\u0327\u010di} ~ {r\u0205\u0327ci} [Houtzagers 1999: 304].    \nDistinct from <i>p\u0254=v\u02c8ey-m</i> {pov\u0207m} 'I say, tell, announce' [Houtzagers 1999: 331].", "markup_description": "Houtzagers 1999: 304. Present paradigm: {ve\u0327j\u020bm} 'I say' / {ve\u0327j\u020b\u0161} 'you say' / {ve\u0327j\u020b} 'he says' / {ve\u0327j\u0209mo} 'we say' / {ve\u0327j\u0209te\u0327} 'you say' / {ve\u0327je\u0327\u0302} (Hidegs\u00e9g and Fert\u0151homok) ~ {ve\u0327j\u0209du} (Hidegs\u00e9g) 'they say'. Forms with <i>\u2013lj-</i> are less frequent than forms with <i>-j-</i>. Sometimes forms derived from {r\u0205\u0327\u010d}: {r\u0205\u0327\u010de\u0161} 'you say', {r\u0205\u0327\u010de\u0327} 'he says' are used. The first person forms {r\u0205\u0327ko} (Fert\u0151homok) and {r\u0205\u0327ku} (Hidegs\u00e9g) are used as historic present [Houtzagers 1999: 330, 151]. All the other forms are derived from {r\u0205\u0327\u010d}: l-participles {r\u0205\u0327kel} (masc.), {r\u0205\u0327kla} (fem.), {r\u0205\u0327kli} (masc. pl.), past participle {re\u0327\u010d\u0205\u0327no} (neut.), imperative {r\u0205\u0327\u010di} ~ {r\u0205\u0327ci} [Houtzagers 1999: 304].    \nDistinct from <i>p\u0254=v\u02c8ey-m</i> {pov\u0207m} 'I say, tell, announce' [Houtzagers 1999: 331].", "valueset_pk": 12597, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12597, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lBurgenlandKajkavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 124, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 14363, "ipa": "v\u00e6j-\u02c8i\u02d0m ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lBurgenlandKajkavian-1", "name": "v\u00e4y-\u02c8i\u02d0m {ve\u0327j\u020bm}", "description": "Houtzagers 1999: 330. The present stem.", "markup_description": "Houtzagers 1999: 330. The present stem.", "valueset_pk": 12597, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12597, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lBurgenlandKajkavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 124, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "r\u00e4\u010d {r\u0205\u0327\u010d} ~ r\u00e4\u010d-t {r\u0205\u0327\u010dt} ~ r\u02c8\u00e4\u010d-ti {r\u0205\u0327\u010dti}, v\u00e4y-\u02c8i\u02d0m {ve\u0327j\u020bm}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 124, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "burg1244", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "BurgenlandKajkavian", "name": "Burgenland Kajkavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Burgenland Kajkavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "BurgenlandKajkavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 14350, "ipa": "r\u02c8\u025b\u02d0-t\u0320\u0361\u0283i ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLjubljanaSlovene-0", "name": "r\u02c8\u025b\u02d0-\u010di {re\u010di}", "description": "Ogrinc 2014; Uhlik 2016. \nStandard Slovene: {re\u010di} [Pretnar 1964: 781].", "markup_description": "Ogrinc 2014; Uhlik 2016. \nStandard Slovene: {re\u010di} [Pretnar 1964: 781].", "valueset_pk": 12598, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12598, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lLjubljanaSlovene", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 125, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "r\u02c8\u025b\u02d0-\u010di {re\u010di}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 125, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "slov1268", "ethnologue_code": "slv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "LjubljanaSlovene", "name": "Ljubljana Slovene", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 46.2543, "longitude": 14.7766}, "name": "Ljubljana Slovene"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [14.7766, 46.2543]}, "id": "LjubljanaSlovene"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 14352, "ipa": "r\u025b\u02d0j-t\u0320\u0361\u0283 ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lZatolminSlovenian-0", "name": "r\u025b\u02d0y-\u010d {\u02c8re\u02d0j\u010d}", "description": "\u010cujec Stres 2: 216. Distinct from <i>pa=\u03b2\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259\u00f0-a-t</i> {pa\u02c8\u0180i\u02d0\u0259\u0111at} 'to tell, to say' [\u010cujec Stres 2: 133].", "markup_description": "\u010cujec Stres 2: 216. Distinct from <i>pa=\u03b2\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259\u00f0-a-t</i> {pa\u02c8\u0180i\u02d0\u0259\u0111at} 'to tell, to say' [\u010cujec Stres 2: 133].", "valueset_pk": 12600, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12600, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lZatolminSlovenian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 127, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "r\u025b\u02d0y-\u010d {\u02c8re\u02d0j\u010d}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 127, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "slov1268", "ethnologue_code": "slv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ZatolminSlovenian", "name": "Zatolmin Slovenian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 46.2543, "longitude": 14.7766}, "name": "Zatolmin Slovenian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [14.7766, 46.2543]}, "id": "ZatolminSlovenian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 14357, "ipa": "p\u0254=v\u025bd-a-t ", "cognate_class": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lPilisszantoSlovak-0", "name": "p\u0254=v\u025bd-a-t {povedat}", "description": "Occurs in examples: {do \u0165i to povedal?} \"who said this to you?\" [Gregor 1975: 214]; {\u0148ex pove\u010f\u00e1} \"let him say\" [Gregor 1975: 248]. Distinct from {hovorit} 'to speak' [Gregor 1975: 225].", "markup_description": "Occurs in examples: {do \u0165i to povedal?} \"who said this to you?\" [Gregor 1975: 214]; {\u0148ex pove\u010f\u00e1} \"let him say\" [Gregor 1975: 248]. Distinct from {hovorit} 'to speak' [Gregor 1975: 225].", "valueset_pk": 12605, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12605, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lPilisszantoSlovak", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 132, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "p\u0254=v\u025bd-a-t {povedat}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 132, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "slov1269", "ethnologue_code": "slk", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "PilisszantoSlovak", "name": "Pilisszanto Slovak", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 48.545705, "longitude": 18.78479}, "name": "Pilisszanto Slovak"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.78479, 48.545705]}, "id": "PilisszantoSlovak"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 14358, "ipa": "p\u02c8\u025bd\u0361\u0291-\u025b-t\u0361\u0255 ", "cognate_class": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lWieciorkaLesserPolish-0", "name": "p\u02c8\u025b\u0293-\u025b-\u0255 {pe\u0292\u0301e\u0107}", "description": "Kuca\u0142a 1957: 284. Less frequent is <i>pw\u0254=v\u02b8\u02c8\u025b\u0293-\u025b-\u0255</i> {p<sup>u\u032f</sup>ov\u0301e\u0292\u0301e\u0107} [Kuca\u0142a 1957: 284] which came from Standard Polish. Kuca\u0142a also provides the term <i>\u0290\u0268-c</i> {\u017eyc}, but, like the Standard {rzec}, it is rather rare and probably archaic. We have found it only in three contexts, whilst {pe\u0292\u0301e\u0107} is very frequent. The contexts are: {m\u01ebm \u017eyc Franeg\u035c \u0144e I\u032f\u022fzek} \"I wanted to say Franek, not J\u00f3zek\"; {kup\u0301\u0119 \u0107i, \u017eek\u0119, u\u032fo\u0292\u0301\u0119\u0144e p<sup>u\u032f</sup>o\u03c7au\u032fupne} \"I will buy you, I said, a house dress\" (W.); {\u017eekne co\u015b} (Fac.) [Kuca\u0142a 1957: 284].", "markup_description": "Kuca\u0142a 1957: 284. Less frequent is <i>pw\u0254=v\u02b8\u02c8\u025b\u0293-\u025b-\u0255</i> {p<sup>u\u032f</sup>ov\u0301e\u0292\u0301e\u0107} [Kuca\u0142a 1957: 284] which came from Standard Polish. Kuca\u0142a also provides the term <i>\u0290\u0268-c</i> {\u017eyc}, but, like the Standard {rzec}, it is rather rare and probably archaic. We have found it only in three contexts, whilst {pe\u0292\u0301e\u0107} is very frequent. The contexts are: {m\u01ebm \u017eyc Franeg\u035c \u0144e I\u032f\u022fzek} \"I wanted to say Franek, not J\u00f3zek\"; {kup\u0301\u0119 \u0107i, \u017eek\u0119, u\u032fo\u0292\u0301\u0119\u0144e p<sup>u\u032f</sup>o\u03c7au\u032fupne} \"I will buy you, I said, a house dress\" (W.); {\u017eekne co\u015b} (Fac.) [Kuca\u0142a 1957: 284].", "valueset_pk": 12606, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12606, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lWieciorkaLesserPolish", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 133, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "p\u02c8\u025b\u0293-\u025b-\u0255 {pe\u0292\u0301e\u0107}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 133, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "poli1260", "ethnologue_code": "pol", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "WieciorkaLesserPolish", "name": "Wieciorka Lesser Polish", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 51.8439, "longitude": 18.6255}, "name": "Wieciorka Lesser Polish"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.6255, 51.8439]}, "id": "WieciorkaLesserPolish"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15260, "ipa": "s\u0250k\u02b2-\u00ee\u02d0-t\u02b2\u026a ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lStandardLithuanian-0", "name": "s\u0250k\u02b8-\u00ee\u02d0-t\u02b8\u026a {sak\u00fdti}", "description": "Baronas II: 419.", "markup_description": "Baronas II: 419.", "valueset_pk": 13451, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13451, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lStandardLithuanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 136, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "s\u0250k\u02b8-\u00ee\u02d0-t\u02b8\u026a {sak\u00fdti}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 136, "parent_pk": 9, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "lith1251", "ethnologue_code": "lit", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "StandardLithuanian", "name": "Standard Lithuanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 55.1429, "longitude": 23.9601}, "name": "Standard Lithuanian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [23.9601, 55.1429]}, "id": "StandardLithuanian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15261, "ipa": "sat\u0361s-\u00ee\u02d0-t ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lStandardLatvian-0", "name": "sac-\u00ee\u02d0-t {sac\u012b\u0302t}", "description": "KLV 1988: 479; LVP 1995: 685. There are two terms for 'to say': <i>sac-\u00ee\u02d0-t</i> {sac\u012bt} and <i>t\u025b\u030cyk-t</i> {teikt}. Due to rather subtle semantic differences between the two, we have decided to include both into the list.", "markup_description": "KLV 1988: 479; LVP 1995: 685. There are two terms for 'to say': <i>sac-\u00ee\u02d0-t</i> {sac\u012bt} and <i>t\u025b\u030cyk-t</i> {teikt}. Due to rather subtle semantic differences between the two, we have decided to include both into the list.", "valueset_pk": 13452, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13452, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lStandardLatvian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 137, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 15262, "ipa": "t\u025b\u030cjk-t ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lStandardLatvian-1", "name": "t\u025b\u030cyk-t {t\u00e8ikt}", "description": "KLV 1988: 479; LVP 1995: 794.", "markup_description": "KLV 1988: 479; LVP 1995: 794.", "valueset_pk": 13452, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13452, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lStandardLatvian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 137, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "sac-\u00ee\u02d0-t {sac\u012b\u0302t}, t\u025b\u030cyk-t {t\u00e8ikt}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 137, "parent_pk": 9, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "stan1325", "ethnologue_code": "lvs", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "StandardLatvian", "name": "Standard Latvian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 57.0, "longitude": 24.0}, "name": "Standard Latvian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [24.0, 57.0]}, "id": "StandardLatvian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15413, "ipa": "te-     ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lHittiteOld-0", "name": "te-     ", "description": "HED T: 140, 291; Kloekhorst 2008: 857, 870.         \n\tThere are two closely synonymous verbs 'to say' in archaic Hittite:          \n\t1) <i>te- / tar-</i>. A <i>mi-</i>conjugation verb with a suppletive paradigm: <i>te-</i> [sg.] / <i>tar</i> [pl.]. OH+. The first root <i>te-</i> is a cognate of Slavic *<i>d\u0113</i>- 'to say' (obviously to be separated from the Common IE root for 'to put, lay'); the second root <i>tar-</i> must be compared with Baltic <i>*tar-</i> 'to pronounce' and other IE forms of expressive saying (including Palaic <i>tar-ta-</i> 'curse', Luwian (H) <i>ta-tar-iya</i> 'to curse' etc.).          \n\t2) <i>mema-</i>. A <i>\u1e2bi-</i>conjugation verb. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian and IE.          \n\tIn latter compositions <i>te- / tar-</i> is beeing superseded by <i>mema-</i>, which becomes the only default <i>verbum dicendi </i>in New Hittite [CHD L-N: 263].          \n\tThe Luwian verb for 'to say' is <i>asaza-</i> (H) [Kloekhorst 2008: 166], probably derived from *<i>as</i>- 'mouth' q.v., but it should be noted that the semantic derivation 'mouth' > 'to say' is surprisingly rare, cross-linguistically.", "markup_description": "HED T: 140, 291; Kloekhorst 2008: 857, 870.         \n\tThere are two closely synonymous verbs 'to say' in archaic Hittite:          \n\t1) <i>te- / tar-</i>. A <i>mi-</i>conjugation verb with a suppletive paradigm: <i>te-</i> [sg.] / <i>tar</i> [pl.]. OH+. The first root <i>te-</i> is a cognate of Slavic *<i>d\u0113</i>- 'to say' (obviously to be separated from the Common IE root for 'to put, lay'); the second root <i>tar-</i> must be compared with Baltic <i>*tar-</i> 'to pronounce' and other IE forms of expressive saying (including Palaic <i>tar-ta-</i> 'curse', Luwian (H) <i>ta-tar-iya</i> 'to curse' etc.).          \n\t2) <i>mema-</i>. A <i>\u1e2bi-</i>conjugation verb. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian and IE.          \n\tIn latter compositions <i>te- / tar-</i> is beeing superseded by <i>mema-</i>, which becomes the only default <i>verbum dicendi </i>in New Hittite [CHD L-N: 263].          \n\tThe Luwian verb for 'to say' is <i>asaza-</i> (H) [Kloekhorst 2008: 166], probably derived from *<i>as</i>- 'mouth' q.v., but it should be noted that the semantic derivation 'mouth' > 'to say' is surprisingly rare, cross-linguistically.", "valueset_pk": 13601, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13601, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lHittiteOld", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 138, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 15414, "ipa": "mema-   ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lHittiteOld-1", "name": "mema-   ", "description": "CHD L-N: 254; HED M: 126; HEG L-M: 186; Kloekhorst 2008: 573.", "markup_description": "CHD L-N: 254; HED M: 126; HEG L-M: 186; Kloekhorst 2008: 573.", "valueset_pk": 13601, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13601, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lHittiteOld", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 138, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "te-     , mema-   ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 138, "parent_pk": 10, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "hitt1242", "ethnologue_code": "hit", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "HittiteOld", "name": "Hittite (Old)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.0, "longitude": 35.0}, "name": "Hittite (Old)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [35.0, 40.0]}, "id": "HittiteOld"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15652, "ipa": "jan\u032ad\u032aa ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lYandruwandha-0", "name": "yan\u032ad\u032aa {yandha}", "description": "Breen 2015a: 124. Polysemy: \u2018to say / to talk\u2019. Some examples: {Minhala yini yurarla ngariningadi nganyi yandharlayi?} \u201cWhat do you want to hear me say?\u201d (Breen 2015a: 124), {Nhutjadu thawana karnatji ngarru nganha yada wawari, walya yandhini} \u201cHe looked at me [as he walked past] and never said a word\u201d (Breen 2015b: 71). <br/>Distinct from {yandha-yandha} \u2018to speak, ta talk\u2019 and {wiri-na} \u2018to tell\u2019 (Breen 2015a: 119, 124) and from {ngana} glossed as \u2018to tell, say, be, do, cause, teach, explain, become, make, use, ask, get ready, be about to, intend to\u2019 (Breen 2015a: 58).", "markup_description": "Breen 2015a: 124. Polysemy: \u2018to say / to talk\u2019. Some examples: {Minhala yini yurarla ngariningadi nganyi yandharlayi?} \u201cWhat do you want to hear me say?\u201d (Breen 2015a: 124), {Nhutjadu thawana karnatji ngarru nganha yada wawari, walya yandhini} \u201cHe looked at me [as he walked past] and never said a word\u201d (Breen 2015b: 71). <br/>Distinct from {yandha-yandha} \u2018to speak, ta talk\u2019 and {wiri-na} \u2018to tell\u2019 (Breen 2015a: 119, 124) and from {ngana} glossed as \u2018to tell, say, be, do, cause, teach, explain, become, make, use, ask, get ready, be about to, intend to\u2019 (Breen 2015a: 58).", "valueset_pk": 13820, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13820, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lYandruwandha", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 140, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "yan\u032ad\u032aa {yandha}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 140, "parent_pk": 12, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "yand1253", "ethnologue_code": "ynd", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Yandruwandha", "name": "Yandruwandha", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -28.4744, "longitude": 140.583}, "name": "Yandruwandha"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [140.583, -28.4744]}, "id": "Yandruwandha"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15771, "ipa": "pura ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lRotokas-0", "name": "pura {pura}", "description": "Firchow et al. 1973: 81, 359; Firchow & Firchow 2008: 41, 139. Polysemy \u2018to say / to make\u2019. Cf.: \u201cThey said, \u2018You two split open the stone\u2019\u201d, \u201clong ago they said that Sirovisi was a rain maker\u201d (Robinson 2011: 112).", "markup_description": "Firchow et al. 1973: 81, 359; Firchow & Firchow 2008: 41, 139. Polysemy \u2018to say / to make\u2019. Cf.: \u201cThey said, \u2018You two split open the stone\u2019\u201d, \u201clong ago they said that Sirovisi was a rain maker\u201d (Robinson 2011: 112).", "valueset_pk": 13929, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13929, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-say-lRotokas", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 141, "parameter_pk": 71, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "pura {pura}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 141, "parent_pk": 13, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "roto1249", "ethnologue_code": "roo", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Rotokas", "name": "Rotokas", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -5.94339, "longitude": 155.154}, "name": "Rotokas"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [155.154, -5.94339]}, "id": "Rotokas"}]}