{"type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": {"layer": "", "name": "to kill", "domain": []}, "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 49, "ipa": "pit\u032ai ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lPittaPitta-0", "name": "pit\u032ai {pit\u032ai}", "description": "Blake 1979: 240. Polysemy: \u2018to kill / to hit\u2019.", "markup_description": "Blake 1979: 240. Polysemy: \u2018to kill / to hit\u2019.", "valueset_pk": 43, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 43, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lPittaPitta", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 15, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "pit\u032ai {pit\u032ai}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 15, "parent_pk": 1, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "pitt1247", "ethnologue_code": "pit", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "PittaPitta", "name": "Pitta Pitta", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -22.7952, "longitude": 139.983}, "name": "Pitta Pitta"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [139.983, -22.7952]}, "id": "PittaPitta"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 399, "ipa": "\u0273andra-\u0273a ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDieri-0", "name": "\u0273andra-\u0273a {\u1e47andr\u0303a-\u1e47a}", "description": "Austin 2013: 20. In Austin 2013: 20 the word is spelled as {nandra-rna} nand\u027ea-\u0273a, but Austin 1978 consistently spells it with initial {\u1e47} \u0273 which is in concordance with the fact that word-initial retroflexes are prohibited in Diyari (Austin 1978: 78). Polysemy: \u2018to kill / to hit / to strike\u2019. Cf. the examples: \u201cA man cannot kill {\u1e47andr\u0303a-yi} a kangaroo without a dog\u201d (Austin 1978: 208), \u201cYesterday the dog killed {\u1e47andr\u0303a-l\u032aa} a kangaroo\u201d (Austin 1978: 223), \u201cThey killed {\u1e47andr\u0303a-ya} a Dhirari man who had fought with the whole lot (of them)\u201d (Austin 1978: 399), \u201cWongapula sang a song about someone being killed {\u1e47andr\u0303-\u1e47ani} by a revenge party\u201d (Austin 1978: 404), \u201cI sent him to kill {\u1e47andr\u0303a-\u1e47an\u032at\u032au} a rabbit. He's coming back now with a rabbit\u201d (Austin 1978: 471), \u201cAnd the brother-in-law killed {\u1e47andr\u0303a-yi} carpet snake and goanna and frill necked lizard\u201d (Austin 1978: 499), \u201cBut the boy only killed {\u1e47andr\u0303a-yi} ka\u1e6diwar\u0303u (a kind of small lizard)\u201d (Austin 1978: 499).
The second candidate is n\u032aa\u027ei-\u014banka-\u0273a {nhari-nganka-rna}. The word is derived from the noun root n\u032aa\u027ei- {nhari} \u2018dead\u2019, cf. the same root in the lexeme \u2018to die\u2019 (q.v.). -\u014banka- is a causative verbalizer, for details see Austin 1978: 356. Cf. the examples: \u201cYou were almost killed {n\u032aari-\u014banka-\u1e47a} by the heat\u201d (Austin 1978: 268), \u201cPeople want to kill {n\u032aari-\u014banka-t\u032aar\u0303i-l\u032aa} themselves on account of their spouses\u201d (Austin 1978: 301), \u201cThey killed {n\u032aari-\u014banka-t\u032aar\u0303i-yi} themselves\u201d (Austin 1978: 357), \u201cOne person went to get a stone to kill {n\u032aari-\u014banka-l\u032aa} the snake\u201d (Austin 1978: 389), \u201cThe lot (of them) couldn't catch him (a dingo) and we two did really kill {n\u032aari-\u014banka-\u1e47a} him\u201d (Austin 1978: 444). The contexts with \u0273andra-\u0273a seem to be a little bit more neutral, nevertheless, despite the great number of examples, the difference between two lexemes remains not quite clear, so we take both words as technical synonyms. ", "markup_description": "Austin 2013: 20. In Austin 2013: 20 the word is spelled as {nandra-rna} nand\u027ea-\u0273a, but Austin 1978 consistently spells it with initial {\u1e47} \u0273 which is in concordance with the fact that word-initial retroflexes are prohibited in Diyari (Austin 1978: 78). Polysemy: \u2018to kill / to hit / to strike\u2019. Cf. the examples: \u201cA man cannot kill {\u1e47andr\u0303a-yi} a kangaroo without a dog\u201d (Austin 1978: 208), \u201cYesterday the dog killed {\u1e47andr\u0303a-l\u032aa} a kangaroo\u201d (Austin 1978: 223), \u201cThey killed {\u1e47andr\u0303a-ya} a Dhirari man who had fought with the whole lot (of them)\u201d (Austin 1978: 399), \u201cWongapula sang a song about someone being killed {\u1e47andr\u0303-\u1e47ani} by a revenge party\u201d (Austin 1978: 404), \u201cI sent him to kill {\u1e47andr\u0303a-\u1e47an\u032at\u032au} a rabbit. He's coming back now with a rabbit\u201d (Austin 1978: 471), \u201cAnd the brother-in-law killed {\u1e47andr\u0303a-yi} carpet snake and goanna and frill necked lizard\u201d (Austin 1978: 499), \u201cBut the boy only killed {\u1e47andr\u0303a-yi} ka\u1e6diwar\u0303u (a kind of small lizard)\u201d (Austin 1978: 499).
The second candidate is n\u032aa\u027ei-\u014banka-\u0273a {nhari-nganka-rna}. The word is derived from the noun root n\u032aa\u027ei- {nhari} \u2018dead\u2019, cf. the same root in the lexeme \u2018to die\u2019 (q.v.). -\u014banka- is a causative verbalizer, for details see Austin 1978: 356. Cf. the examples: \u201cYou were almost killed {n\u032aari-\u014banka-\u1e47a} by the heat\u201d (Austin 1978: 268), \u201cPeople want to kill {n\u032aari-\u014banka-t\u032aar\u0303i-l\u032aa} themselves on account of their spouses\u201d (Austin 1978: 301), \u201cThey killed {n\u032aari-\u014banka-t\u032aar\u0303i-yi} themselves\u201d (Austin 1978: 357), \u201cOne person went to get a stone to kill {n\u032aari-\u014banka-l\u032aa} the snake\u201d (Austin 1978: 389), \u201cThe lot (of them) couldn't catch him (a dingo) and we two did really kill {n\u032aari-\u014banka-\u1e47a} him\u201d (Austin 1978: 444). The contexts with \u0273andra-\u0273a seem to be a little bit more neutral, nevertheless, despite the great number of examples, the difference between two lexemes remains not quite clear, so we take both words as technical synonyms. ", "valueset_pk": 373, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 373, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDieri", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 18, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 400, "ipa": "n\u032aa\u027ei-\u014banka-\u0273a ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDieri-1", "name": "n\u032aa\u027ei-\u014banka-\u0273a {nhari-nganka-rna}", "description": "Austin 2013: 24. ", "markup_description": "Austin 2013: 24. ", "valueset_pk": 373, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 373, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDieri", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 18, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "\u0273andra-\u0273a {\u1e47andr\u0303a-\u1e47a}, n\u032aa\u027ei-\u014banka-\u0273a {nhari-nganka-rna}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 18, "parent_pk": 3, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "dier1241", "ethnologue_code": "dif", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Dieri", "name": "Dieri", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -28.1667, "longitude": 138.0}, "name": "Dieri"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [138.0, -28.1667]}, "id": "Dieri"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1649, "ipa": "=we\u02d0", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lHupa-0", "name": "=we\u02d0", "description": "Sapir & Golla 2001: 793; Golla 1996a: 53; Golla 1970: 152, 163 et passim. Used with sg. obj. (object may be human or animal). The heavy perfective root variant is =we\u02d0-n < *=we\u02d0-n-i.
\tDistinct from =wa\u02d0n < *=wa\u02d0n-i 'to kill', used with pl. obj. [Sapir & Golla 2001: 793; Golla 1996a: 53; Golla 1970: 152, 163] (object may be human or animal).", "markup_description": "Sapir & Golla 2001: 793; Golla 1996a: 53; Golla 1970: 152, 163 et passim. Used with sg. obj. (object may be human or animal). The heavy perfective root variant is =we\u02d0-n < *=we\u02d0-n-i.
\tDistinct from =wa\u02d0n < *=wa\u02d0n-i 'to kill', used with pl. obj. [Sapir & Golla 2001: 793; Golla 1996a: 53; Golla 1970: 152, 163] (object may be human or animal).", "valueset_pk": 1239, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1239, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lHupa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 19, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1668, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lHupa-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1239, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1239, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lHupa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 19, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=we\u02d0, N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 19, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "hupa1239", "ethnologue_code": "hup", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Hupa", "name": "Hupa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.0982, "longitude": -123.68}, "name": "Hupa"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-123.68, 41.0982]}, "id": "Hupa"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1650, "ipa": "=ke\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMattole-0", "name": "=ke\u02d0 ", "description": "Li 1930: 98. Imperfective stem; the perfective stem is =ki\u02d0-n ~ =ke-\u0294. Used with both sg. and pl. obj.
\tBear River dialect: =kan, =ka\u014b, =kin 'to kill' [Goddard 1929: 317], used with both sg. and pl. obj.", "markup_description": "Li 1930: 98. Imperfective stem; the perfective stem is =ki\u02d0-n ~ =ke-\u0294. Used with both sg. and pl. obj.
\tBear River dialect: =kan, =ka\u014b, =kin 'to kill' [Goddard 1929: 317], used with both sg. and pl. obj.", "valueset_pk": 1240, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1240, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMattole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 20, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1669, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMattole-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1240, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1240, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMattole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 20, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ke\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 20, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "matt1238", "ethnologue_code": "mvb", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Mattole", "name": "Mattole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.4321, "longitude": -122.863}, "name": "Mattole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-122.863, 40.4321]}, "id": "Mattole"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1651, "ipa": "=ki\u02d0-\u014b ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKato-0", "name": "=ki\u02d0-\u014b ", "description": "Goddard 1912: 77. Perfective stem. Apparently used with sg. obj. only.
\tDistinct from =ka\u014b 'to kill', used with pl. obj. [Goddard 1912: 76].", "markup_description": "Goddard 1912: 77. Perfective stem. Apparently used with sg. obj. only.
\tDistinct from =ka\u014b 'to kill', used with pl. obj. [Goddard 1912: 76].", "valueset_pk": 1241, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1241, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKato", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 21, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1670, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKato-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1241, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1241, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKato", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 21, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ki\u02d0-\u014b , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 21, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "kato1244", "ethnologue_code": "ktw", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Kato", "name": "Kato", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 39.7002, "longitude": -123.432}, "name": "Kato"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-123.432, 39.7002]}, "id": "Kato"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1652, "ipa": "=ke\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lTaldashGalice-0", "name": "=ke\u02d0 ", "description": "Ho\u0133er 1973: 67; Ho\u0133er 1956: 223. Paradigm: =ke\u02d0 [imperf.] / =k\u0129\u02d0 < *=ki\u02d0-n [perf.]. Used with sg. animated obj.
\tDistinct from the verb =ta\u026c ~ =te\u026c [imperf.] / =te\u0294\u026c < *=te\u026c-\u0294 [perf.], glossed as 'to slaughter, annihilate, kill' [Ho\u0133er 1973: 64]. This could be the default term for 'to kill' with pl. obj.", "markup_description": "Ho\u0133er 1973: 67; Ho\u0133er 1956: 223. Paradigm: =ke\u02d0 [imperf.] / =k\u0129\u02d0 < *=ki\u02d0-n [perf.]. Used with sg. animated obj.
\tDistinct from the verb =ta\u026c ~ =te\u026c [imperf.] / =te\u0294\u026c < *=te\u026c-\u0294 [perf.], glossed as 'to slaughter, annihilate, kill' [Ho\u0133er 1973: 64]. This could be the default term for 'to kill' with pl. obj.", "valueset_pk": 1242, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1242, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lTaldashGalice", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 22, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1671, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lTaldashGalice-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1242, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1242, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lTaldashGalice", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 22, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=ke\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 22, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "gali1261", "ethnologue_code": "gce", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "TaldashGalice", "name": "Taldash Galice", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 45.3914, "longitude": -120.75}, "name": "Taldash Galice"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-120.75, 45.3914]}, "id": "TaldashGalice"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1653, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": -1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lUpperInletTanaina-0", "name": "N/A", "description": "Not attested. Cf. the verb \u010d\u02b0i=OBJ=\u026c=\u0294ik / \u010d\u02b0i=OBJ=\u026c=\u0294is 'to kill (pl. obj.)\" [Lovick 2005: 44 ex. 2.5b, 77 ex. 3.17, 100 ex. 3.40d, 117 ex. 4.4] (\"one who kills them [= brown bears]\", \"Cold killed them all\", \"It would kill them right away\", \"it [= spear] killed them [= bears]\").", "markup_description": "Not attested. Cf. the verb \u010d\u02b0i=OBJ=\u026c=\u0294ik / \u010d\u02b0i=OBJ=\u026c=\u0294is 'to kill (pl. obj.)\" [Lovick 2005: 44 ex. 2.5b, 77 ex. 3.17, 100 ex. 3.40d, 117 ex. 4.4] (\"one who kills them [= brown bears]\", \"Cold killed them all\", \"It would kill them right away\", \"it [= spear] killed them [= bears]\").", "valueset_pk": 1243, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1243, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lUpperInletTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 23, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1672, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lUpperInletTanaina-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1243, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1243, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lUpperInletTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 23, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "N/A, N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 23, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1289", "ethnologue_code": "tfn", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "UpperInletTanaina", "name": "Upper Inlet Tanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 60.4712, "longitude": -150.759}, "name": "Upper Inlet Tanaina"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-150.759, 60.4712]}, "id": "UpperInletTanaina"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1654, "ipa": "t\u0320\u0361\u0283\u02b0i=OBJ=t=\u026c=juq ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lOuterInletTanaina-0", "name": "\u010d\u02b0i=OBJ=t=\u026c=yuq ", "description": "Boraas 2010: 20, 42. In Boraas' examples, applied only to sg. obj.
\tDistinct from =\u0281un 'to kill (pl. obj.)', whose main meaning is the generic 'to make' [Boraas 2010: 63].", "markup_description": "Boraas 2010: 20, 42. In Boraas' examples, applied only to sg. obj.
\tDistinct from =\u0281un 'to kill (pl. obj.)', whose main meaning is the generic 'to make' [Boraas 2010: 63].", "valueset_pk": 1244, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1244, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lOuterInletTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 24, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1673, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lOuterInletTanaina-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1244, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1244, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lOuterInletTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 24, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "\u010d\u02b0i=OBJ=t=\u026c=yuq , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 24, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1289", "ethnologue_code": "tfn", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "OuterInletTanaina", "name": "Outer Inlet Tanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 60.4712, "longitude": -150.759}, "name": "Outer Inlet Tanaina"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-150.759, 60.4712]}, "id": "OuterInletTanaina"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1655, "ipa": "t\u0320\u0361\u0283\u02b0i=OBJ=t=\u026c=juq ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lInlandTanaina-0", "name": "\u010d\u02b0i=OBJ=t=\u026c=yuq ", "description": "Wassillie 1979: 55; Holton et al. 2004: 39. Used with sg. subj. Cf. the examples: \"They killed that moose\" [Wassillie 1979: 55], \"They killed him\" [Holton et al. 2004: 25], \"the wolf killed him (man)\", \"he (man) killed him (man)\" [Tenenbaum 1978: 69]. But occasionally with pl. subj.: \"they killed them\" [Tenenbaum 1978: 77]. Initial \u010d\u02b0i= is the action prefix 'play; death, illness; worry' [Tenenbaum 1978: 189].\nCommon Tanaina notes: =\u026c=yuq is the causative stem from the polite verb =yuq 'to die' q.v.; the generic meaning of the latter is 'to happen'.", "markup_description": "Wassillie 1979: 55; Holton et al. 2004: 39. Used with sg. subj. Cf. the examples: \"They killed that moose\" [Wassillie 1979: 55], \"They killed him\" [Holton et al. 2004: 25], \"the wolf killed him (man)\", \"he (man) killed him (man)\" [Tenenbaum 1978: 69]. But occasionally with pl. subj.: \"they killed them\" [Tenenbaum 1978: 77]. Initial \u010d\u02b0i= is the action prefix 'play; death, illness; worry' [Tenenbaum 1978: 189].\nCommon Tanaina notes: =\u026c=yuq is the causative stem from the polite verb =yuq 'to die' q.v.; the generic meaning of the latter is 'to happen'.", "valueset_pk": 1245, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1245, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lInlandTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 25, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1674, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lInlandTanaina-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "markup_description": "nan\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1245, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1245, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lInlandTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 25, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "\u010d\u02b0i=OBJ=t=\u026c=yuq , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 25, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1289", "ethnologue_code": "tfn", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "InlandTanaina", "name": "Inland Tanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 60.4712, "longitude": -150.759}, "name": "Inland Tanaina"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-150.759, 60.4712]}, "id": "InlandTanaina"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1656, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": -1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lIliamnaTanaina-0", "name": "N/A", "description": "Not attested.\nCommon Tanaina notes: =\u026c=yuq is the causative stem from the polite verb =yuq 'to die' q.v.; the generic meaning of the latter is 'to happen'.", "markup_description": "Not attested.\nCommon Tanaina notes: =\u026c=yuq is the causative stem from the polite verb =yuq 'to die' q.v.; the generic meaning of the latter is 'to happen'.", "valueset_pk": 1246, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1246, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lIliamnaTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 26, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1675, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lIliamnaTanaina-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "markup_description": "nan\nCommon Tanaina notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1246, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1246, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lIliamnaTanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 26, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "N/A, N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 26, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1289", "ethnologue_code": "tfn", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "IliamnaTanaina", "name": "Iliamna Tanaina", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 60.4712, "longitude": -150.759}, "name": "Iliamna Tanaina"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-150.759, 60.4712]}, "id": "IliamnaTanaina"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1657, "ipa": "=z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCentralAhtena-0", "name": "=z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 ", "description": "Kari 1990: 213, 542.
\tLower Ahtena: =z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 [Kari 1990: 213, 542].
\tWestern Ahtena: =z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 [Kari 1990: 213, 542].\nCommon Ahtena notes: Paradigm: =\u0281e\u02d0 [imperf.] / =\u0281e\u02d0-n [perf.], see additional forms in [Kari 1990: 680]. Used with sg. obj. Note the unexpected polysemy in Mentasta.
\tDistinct from =\u0281a\u02d0n with polysemy: 'to make (pl. obj.) / to kill (pl. obj.)' [Kari 1990: 204, 542] - apparently this is the generic verb for 'to make (pl. obj.)' in Ahtena.", "markup_description": "Kari 1990: 213, 542.
\tLower Ahtena: =z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 [Kari 1990: 213, 542].
\tWestern Ahtena: =z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 [Kari 1990: 213, 542].\nCommon Ahtena notes: Paradigm: =\u0281e\u02d0 [imperf.] / =\u0281e\u02d0-n [perf.], see additional forms in [Kari 1990: 680]. Used with sg. obj. Note the unexpected polysemy in Mentasta.
\tDistinct from =\u0281a\u02d0n with polysemy: 'to make (pl. obj.) / to kill (pl. obj.)' [Kari 1990: 204, 542] - apparently this is the generic verb for 'to make (pl. obj.)' in Ahtena.", "valueset_pk": 1247, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1247, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCentralAhtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 27, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1676, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCentralAhtena-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan\nCommon Ahtena notes: nan", "markup_description": "nan\nCommon Ahtena notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1247, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1247, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCentralAhtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 27, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 27, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "ahte1237", "ethnologue_code": "aht", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "CentralAhtena", "name": "Central Ahtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 61.7068, "longitude": -144.889}, "name": "Central Ahtena"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-144.889, 61.7068]}, "id": "CentralAhtena"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1658, "ipa": "=z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMentastaAhtena-0", "name": "=z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 ", "description": "Kari 1990: 213, 542. Polysemy: 'to kill / to beat up'.\nCommon Ahtena notes: Paradigm: =\u0281e\u02d0 [imperf.] / =\u0281e\u02d0-n [perf.], see additional forms in [Kari 1990: 680]. Used with sg. obj. Note the unexpected polysemy in Mentasta.
\tDistinct from =\u0281a\u02d0n with polysemy: 'to make (pl. obj.) / to kill (pl. obj.)' [Kari 1990: 204, 542] - apparently this is the generic verb for 'to make (pl. obj.)' in Ahtena.", "markup_description": "Kari 1990: 213, 542. Polysemy: 'to kill / to beat up'.\nCommon Ahtena notes: Paradigm: =\u0281e\u02d0 [imperf.] / =\u0281e\u02d0-n [perf.], see additional forms in [Kari 1990: 680]. Used with sg. obj. Note the unexpected polysemy in Mentasta.
\tDistinct from =\u0281a\u02d0n with polysemy: 'to make (pl. obj.) / to kill (pl. obj.)' [Kari 1990: 204, 542] - apparently this is the generic verb for 'to make (pl. obj.)' in Ahtena.", "valueset_pk": 1248, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1248, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMentastaAhtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 28, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1677, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMentastaAhtena-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan\nCommon Ahtena notes: nan", "markup_description": "nan\nCommon Ahtena notes: nan", "valueset_pk": 1248, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1248, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMentastaAhtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 28, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=z=\u026c=\u0281e\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 28, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "ahte1237", "ethnologue_code": "aht", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "MentastaAhtena", "name": "Mentasta Ahtena", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 61.7068, "longitude": -144.889}, "name": "Mentasta Ahtena"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-144.889, 61.7068]}, "id": "MentastaAhtena"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1659, "ipa": "=w\u00ed ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDogrib-0", "name": "=w\u00ed ", "description": "Saxon & Siemens 1996: 32, 181. =\u028d\u00ed after the prefixal =h=. Paradigm: =w\u00ed [imperf.] / =w\u00f3 [perf.]. Used with sg. obj. This seems to be the basic root for 'to kill', cf. examples like \"The wicked old woman is going to kill me\", \"We've killed the giant owl\" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 32].
\tDistinct from =d\u00e9 [imperf.] / =d\u00e8 [perf.] 'to kill (pl. obj.)' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 32, 181]. Cf. the examples: \"Sometimes hunters kill them\" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 32], \"We are going to kill lots of fur-bearing animals\" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 103].
\tThe expressions for 'to die' q.v. contain the same roots: =w\u00ed (sg. subj.) and =t\u00e9 (pl. subj.).
\tDistinct from the collocation POSSR=w\u00e8\u02d0 =c\u02b0\u0129\u0301 'to kill' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 46, 132], literally 'to make death (w\u00e8\u02d0) to smb'.", "markup_description": "Saxon & Siemens 1996: 32, 181. =\u028d\u00ed after the prefixal =h=. Paradigm: =w\u00ed [imperf.] / =w\u00f3 [perf.]. Used with sg. obj. This seems to be the basic root for 'to kill', cf. examples like \"The wicked old woman is going to kill me\", \"We've killed the giant owl\" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 32].
\tDistinct from =d\u00e9 [imperf.] / =d\u00e8 [perf.] 'to kill (pl. obj.)' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 32, 181]. Cf. the examples: \"Sometimes hunters kill them\" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 32], \"We are going to kill lots of fur-bearing animals\" [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 103].
\tThe expressions for 'to die' q.v. contain the same roots: =w\u00ed (sg. subj.) and =t\u00e9 (pl. subj.).
\tDistinct from the collocation POSSR=w\u00e8\u02d0 =c\u02b0\u0129\u0301 'to kill' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 46, 132], literally 'to make death (w\u00e8\u02d0) to smb'.", "valueset_pk": 1249, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1249, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDogrib", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 29, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1678, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDogrib-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1249, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1249, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDogrib", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 29, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=w\u00ed , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 29, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "dogr1252", "ethnologue_code": "dgr", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Dogrib", "name": "Dogrib", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 63.17, "longitude": -117.25}, "name": "Dogrib"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-117.25, 63.17]}, "id": "Dogrib"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1660, "ipa": "=h=xi\u00e8 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lNorthSlaveyHare-0", "name": "=h=xi\u00e8 ", "description": "Rice 1978: 375, 435, 514; Ho\u0133er 1956: 222. Paradigm: =h=xi\u00e8 [imperf.] / =h=x\u0129\u0300 [perf.]. Used with sg. obj. Apparently this is the most frequently used verb for 'to die', cf. the found examples: \"He killed a man\" [Rice 1978: 375], \"s/he killed him/her\" [Rice 1989: 67], \"I killed it\" [Rice 1989: 792], \"the dog drowned (lit. water killed the dog)\" [Rice 1989: 1216], \"I drowned the pup (lit. I caused water to kill the pup)\" [Rice 1989: 1304].
\tWith pl. obj., the verb =\u0263\u00f5\u0300 'to kill' is used [Rice 1978: 387, 436], cf. the examples: \"I killed them\" [Rice 1989: 792], \"That dog killed many people\" [Rice 1978: 387], \"both people drowned (lit. water killed two persons)\" [Rice 1989: 264].
\tDistinct from the rarely used =h=w\u00ec 'to kill (sg. & pl. obj)' [Rice 1978: 294, 478], a causative from =w\u00ec 'to die' q.v. with the h-transitivizer [Rice 1989: 454]. The only attested example is: \"I killed the dog\" [Rice 1978: 294].
\tDistinct from =f\u00ec 'to kill someone by medicine or witchcraft' [Rice 1978: 371, 427].", "markup_description": "Rice 1978: 375, 435, 514; Ho\u0133er 1956: 222. Paradigm: =h=xi\u00e8 [imperf.] / =h=x\u0129\u0300 [perf.]. Used with sg. obj. Apparently this is the most frequently used verb for 'to die', cf. the found examples: \"He killed a man\" [Rice 1978: 375], \"s/he killed him/her\" [Rice 1989: 67], \"I killed it\" [Rice 1989: 792], \"the dog drowned (lit. water killed the dog)\" [Rice 1989: 1216], \"I drowned the pup (lit. I caused water to kill the pup)\" [Rice 1989: 1304].
\tWith pl. obj., the verb =\u0263\u00f5\u0300 'to kill' is used [Rice 1978: 387, 436], cf. the examples: \"I killed them\" [Rice 1989: 792], \"That dog killed many people\" [Rice 1978: 387], \"both people drowned (lit. water killed two persons)\" [Rice 1989: 264].
\tDistinct from the rarely used =h=w\u00ec 'to kill (sg. & pl. obj)' [Rice 1978: 294, 478], a causative from =w\u00ec 'to die' q.v. with the h-transitivizer [Rice 1989: 454]. The only attested example is: \"I killed the dog\" [Rice 1978: 294].
\tDistinct from =f\u00ec 'to kill someone by medicine or witchcraft' [Rice 1978: 371, 427].", "valueset_pk": 1250, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1250, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lNorthSlaveyHare", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1679, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lNorthSlaveyHare-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1250, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1250, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lNorthSlaveyHare", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=h=xi\u00e8 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 30, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "nort2942", "ethnologue_code": "scs", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "NorthSlaveyHare", "name": "North Slavey (Hare)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 63.5, "longitude": -125.67}, "name": "North Slavey (Hare)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-125.67, 63.5]}, "id": "NorthSlaveyHare"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1661, "ipa": "=h=x\u1ebd\u0300\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lTanacross-0", "name": "=h=x\u1ebd\u0300\u02d0 ", "description": "Arnold et al. 2009: 158; Holton 2000: 160, 350; Shinen 1958: 45. Used with sg. obj. Applicable to both humans and animals.
\tWith pl. obj., the verb =x\u032c\u00e3\u0300\u02d0 'to kill' is used [Arnold et al. 2009: 158; Holton 2000: 160].", "markup_description": "Arnold et al. 2009: 158; Holton 2000: 160, 350; Shinen 1958: 45. Used with sg. obj. Applicable to both humans and animals.
\tWith pl. obj., the verb =x\u032c\u00e3\u0300\u02d0 'to kill' is used [Arnold et al. 2009: 158; Holton 2000: 160].", "valueset_pk": 1251, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1251, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lTanacross", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1680, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lTanacross-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1251, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1251, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lTanacross", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=h=x\u1ebd\u0300\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 31, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "tana1290", "ethnologue_code": "tcb", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Tanacross", "name": "Tanacross", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 63.4046, "longitude": -143.338}, "name": "Tanacross"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-143.338, 63.4046]}, "id": "Tanacross"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1662, "ipa": "=h=x\u0129\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lUpperTananaTetlin-0", "name": "=h=x\u0129\u02d0 ", "description": "Milanowski 2009: 62, 99. Paradigm: =x\u0129\u02d0 [imperf.] / =x\u00e3\u02d0 [perf.] / =xe\u02d0-k [customary] / =xeh [fut.]. Used with both sg. and pl. obj.", "markup_description": "Milanowski 2009: 62, 99. Paradigm: =x\u0129\u02d0 [imperf.] / =x\u00e3\u02d0 [perf.] / =xe\u02d0-k [customary] / =xeh [fut.]. Used with both sg. and pl. obj.", "valueset_pk": 1252, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1252, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lUpperTananaTetlin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 32, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1681, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lUpperTananaTetlin-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1252, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1252, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lUpperTananaTetlin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 32, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=h=x\u0129\u02d0 , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 32, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "uppe1437", "ethnologue_code": "tau", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "UpperTananaTetlin", "name": "Upper Tanana (Tetlin)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 62.6867, "longitude": -141.37}, "name": "Upper Tanana (Tetlin)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-141.37, 62.6867]}, "id": "UpperTananaTetlin"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1663, "ipa": "=\u026c=\u0263a ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLowerTananaMinto-0", "name": "=\u026c=\u0263a ", "description": "Kari 1994: 121, 426; Tuttle 2009: 111. Paradigm: =\u026c=\u0263a [imperf.] / =\u026c=\u0263a-n\u0325 [perf.] / =\u026c=\u0263a-\u026c [fut.] / =\u026c=\u0263a-y\u0325 [customary]. Used with sg. obj.
\tDistinct from =\u0263\u028cn\u0325 [imperf.] / =\u0263\u028cn-\u0294 [perf.] / =\u0263\u028c-y\u0325 [customary] with polysemy: 'to make / to build / to kill', used with pl. obj. [Kari 1994: 131, 426].", "markup_description": "Kari 1994: 121, 426; Tuttle 2009: 111. Paradigm: =\u026c=\u0263a [imperf.] / =\u026c=\u0263a-n\u0325 [perf.] / =\u026c=\u0263a-\u026c [fut.] / =\u026c=\u0263a-y\u0325 [customary]. Used with sg. obj.
\tDistinct from =\u0263\u028cn\u0325 [imperf.] / =\u0263\u028cn-\u0294 [perf.] / =\u0263\u028c-y\u0325 [customary] with polysemy: 'to make / to build / to kill', used with pl. obj. [Kari 1994: 131, 426].", "valueset_pk": 1253, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1253, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLowerTananaMinto", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 33, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1682, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLowerTananaMinto-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1253, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1253, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLowerTananaMinto", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 33, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=\u026c=\u0263a , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 33, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "lowe1425", "ethnologue_code": "taa", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "LowerTananaMinto", "name": "Lower Tanana (Minto)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 64.8834, "longitude": -149.451}, "name": "Lower Tanana (Minto)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-149.451, 64.8834]}, "id": "LowerTananaMinto"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1664, "ipa": "=\u026c=\u0263e ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCentralCarrier-0", "name": "=\u026c=\u0263e ", "description": "Poser 1998/2013: 773, 1220, 1254; Poser 2011a: 120; Antoine et al. 1974: 315. Paradigm: =\u026c=\u0263e [imperf.] / =\u026c=\u0263i [perf.] / =\u026c=\u0263e-\u026c [fut.]. Used with sg. & dual. obj. (with both humans and animals as a subject and as an object).
\tDistinct from =\u0263an 'to kill', used with pl. obj. [Poser 1998/2013: 774, 1220, 1253; Poser 2011a: 120; Antoine et al. 1974: 315].", "markup_description": "Poser 1998/2013: 773, 1220, 1254; Poser 2011a: 120; Antoine et al. 1974: 315. Paradigm: =\u026c=\u0263e [imperf.] / =\u026c=\u0263i [perf.] / =\u026c=\u0263e-\u026c [fut.]. Used with sg. & dual. obj. (with both humans and animals as a subject and as an object).
\tDistinct from =\u0263an 'to kill', used with pl. obj. [Poser 1998/2013: 774, 1220, 1253; Poser 2011a: 120; Antoine et al. 1974: 315].", "valueset_pk": 1254, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1254, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCentralCarrier", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 34, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1683, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCentralCarrier-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "nan", "markup_description": "nan", "valueset_pk": 1254, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1254, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCentralCarrier", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 34, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=\u026c=\u0263e , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 34, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "carr1249", "ethnologue_code": "crx", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "CentralCarrier", "name": "Central Carrier", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 54.3768, "longitude": -124.328}, "name": "Central Carrier"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-124.328, 54.3768]}, "id": "CentralCarrier"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1665, "ipa": "=\u026c=\u0281a\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKoyukon-0", "name": "=\u026c=\u0281a\u02d0 ", "description": "Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 227, 940; Jones 1978: 89. Paradigm: =\u026c=\u0281a\u02d0 [imperf.] / =\u026c=\u0281a\u02d0-n\u0325 [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to kill / to beat, injury'. Used with sg. obj. As noted in [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000], =\u026c=\u0281a\u02d0 is \"mainly used with human objects, but can be used for killing animals\".
\tFor animal sg. object, the verb =la\u02d0 with polysemy: 'to catch / to kill' seems preferable [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 378] (used in the conversive aspect). We treat both as synonyms.
\tDistinct from =\u0281o\u02d0n\u0325 with polysemy: 'to make / to kill / to beat up', used with pl. human/animal obj. [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 252] (cf. the example for the meaning 'to make': \"he made them (boots, sleds)\").", "markup_description": "Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 227, 940; Jones 1978: 89. Paradigm: =\u026c=\u0281a\u02d0 [imperf.] / =\u026c=\u0281a\u02d0-n\u0325 [perf.]. Polysemy: 'to kill / to beat, injury'. Used with sg. obj. As noted in [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000], =\u026c=\u0281a\u02d0 is \"mainly used with human objects, but can be used for killing animals\".
\tFor animal sg. object, the verb =la\u02d0 with polysemy: 'to catch / to kill' seems preferable [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 378] (used in the conversive aspect). We treat both as synonyms.
\tDistinct from =\u0281o\u02d0n\u0325 with polysemy: 'to make / to kill / to beat up', used with pl. human/animal obj. [Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 252] (cf. the example for the meaning 'to make': \"he made them (boots, sleds)\").", "valueset_pk": 1255, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1255, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKoyukon", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 35, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1684, "ipa": "=la\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKoyukon-1", "name": "=la\u02d0 ", "description": "Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 378.", "markup_description": "Jett\u00e9 & Jones 2000: 378.", "valueset_pk": 1255, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1255, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKoyukon", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 35, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=\u026c=\u0281a\u02d0 , =la\u02d0 ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 35, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "koyu1237", "ethnologue_code": "koy", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Koyukon", "name": "Koyukon", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 65.6093, "longitude": -154.229}, "name": "Koyukon"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-154.229, 65.6093]}, "id": "Koyukon"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1666, "ipa": "=\u0281a\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDegexitan-0", "name": "=\u0281a\u02d0 ", "description": "Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 24; Chapman 1914: 223. Paradigm: =\u0281a\u02d0 [imperf.] / =\u0281a\u02d0-n\u0325 [perf.]. Used with sg. obj.
\tThe second candidate is the verb =la\u02d0-\u03c7 [imperf.] / =la\u02d0-n\u0325 [imperf.] 'to kill' [Kari 1976: 33; Chapman 1914: 217]; it is glossed as 'to kill (sg.)' in [Kari 1976], but actually seems applicable to both sg. and pl. obj.
\tAccording to modern data in [Taff et al. 2007], =\u0281a\u02d0 is applicable to both humans and animals as its object, cf. some examples: \"He killed something\", \"The boy killed the moose\" [Taff et al. 2007], \"he killed her\" [Chapman 1914: 122], \"they (almost) killed him\" [Chapman 1914: 181], \"kill (ye) me!\" [Chapman 1914: 196]. It seems that the second verb, =la\u02d0-\u03c7 / =la\u02d0-n\u0325, is missing from [Taff et al. 2007] at all.
\tOn the contrary, browsing through [Chapman 1914] suggests that the object of =\u0281a\u02d0 is normally humans or mythical heroes. Whereas =la\u02d0- is applicable to ordinary animals. Cf. the attested examples: \"outside his house, upon racks, he had piles of deer-skins and beaver-skins \u2014 so many did he kill\" [Chapman 1914: 123], \"'Remember how little game you killed (=la\u02d0-n\u0325) last spring. You might not be back for a long time', said she. [...] 'Because, when there was plenty of game near by, up the river, I could get (=la\u02d0-\u03c7) them; but now that they are far away, I kill (=la\u02d0-\u03c7) but few'. Then said his wife, 'Why is it that you get (=la\u02d0-\u03c7) so few?'\" [Chapman 1914: 125].
\tWe treat =\u0281a\u02d0 and =la\u02d0- as synonyms.
\tDistinct from =\u0281o\u02d0n\u0325 with polysemy: 'to make / to kill' used with pl. obj. [Kari 1976: 23; Chapman 1914: 223].", "markup_description": "Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1976: 24; Chapman 1914: 223. Paradigm: =\u0281a\u02d0 [imperf.] / =\u0281a\u02d0-n\u0325 [perf.]. Used with sg. obj.
\tThe second candidate is the verb =la\u02d0-\u03c7 [imperf.] / =la\u02d0-n\u0325 [imperf.] 'to kill' [Kari 1976: 33; Chapman 1914: 217]; it is glossed as 'to kill (sg.)' in [Kari 1976], but actually seems applicable to both sg. and pl. obj.
\tAccording to modern data in [Taff et al. 2007], =\u0281a\u02d0 is applicable to both humans and animals as its object, cf. some examples: \"He killed something\", \"The boy killed the moose\" [Taff et al. 2007], \"he killed her\" [Chapman 1914: 122], \"they (almost) killed him\" [Chapman 1914: 181], \"kill (ye) me!\" [Chapman 1914: 196]. It seems that the second verb, =la\u02d0-\u03c7 / =la\u02d0-n\u0325, is missing from [Taff et al. 2007] at all.
\tOn the contrary, browsing through [Chapman 1914] suggests that the object of =\u0281a\u02d0 is normally humans or mythical heroes. Whereas =la\u02d0- is applicable to ordinary animals. Cf. the attested examples: \"outside his house, upon racks, he had piles of deer-skins and beaver-skins \u2014 so many did he kill\" [Chapman 1914: 123], \"'Remember how little game you killed (=la\u02d0-n\u0325) last spring. You might not be back for a long time', said she. [...] 'Because, when there was plenty of game near by, up the river, I could get (=la\u02d0-\u03c7) them; but now that they are far away, I kill (=la\u02d0-\u03c7) but few'. Then said his wife, 'Why is it that you get (=la\u02d0-\u03c7) so few?'\" [Chapman 1914: 125].
\tWe treat =\u0281a\u02d0 and =la\u02d0- as synonyms.
\tDistinct from =\u0281o\u02d0n\u0325 with polysemy: 'to make / to kill' used with pl. obj. [Kari 1976: 23; Chapman 1914: 223].", "valueset_pk": 1256, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1256, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDegexitan", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 36, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1685, "ipa": "=la\u02d0-\u03c7 ", "cognate_class": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDegexitan-1", "name": "=la\u02d0-\u03c7 ", "description": "Kari 1976: 33; Chapman 1914: 217.", "markup_description": "Kari 1976: 33; Chapman 1914: 217.", "valueset_pk": 1256, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1256, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDegexitan", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 36, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=\u0281a\u02d0 , =la\u02d0-\u03c7 ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 36, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "dege1248", "ethnologue_code": "ing", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Degexitan", "name": "Degexit'an", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 62.0697, "longitude": -160.044}, "name": "Degexit'an"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-160.044, 62.0697]}, "id": "Degexitan"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 1667, "ipa": "=s=x\u00e1 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lSarsi-0", "name": "=s=x\u00e1 ", "description": "Li 1930b: 17; Ho\u0133er 1956: 223; Cook 1984: 58. Ablaut paradigm: =s=x\u00e1 [imperf.] / =s=y\u00ed ~ =s=y\u00ed-n- [imperf.] (yi < *\u0263i). Used with sg. & dual. obj.
\tDistinct from =\u0263\u0252\u0301h ~ =\u0263\u0252\u0301n- 'to kill' [Li 1930b: 17; Cook 1984: 58], used with pl. obj.", "markup_description": "Li 1930b: 17; Ho\u0133er 1956: 223; Cook 1984: 58. Ablaut paradigm: =s=x\u00e1 [imperf.] / =s=y\u00ed ~ =s=y\u00ed-n- [imperf.] (yi < *\u0263i). Used with sg. & dual. obj.
\tDistinct from =\u0263\u0252\u0301h ~ =\u0263\u0252\u0301n- 'to kill' [Li 1930b: 17; Cook 1984: 58], used with pl. obj.", "valueset_pk": 1257, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1257, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lSarsi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 37, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 1686, "ipa": "=s=j\u00ed ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lSarsi-1", "name": "=s=y\u00ed ", "description": "Perfective.", "markup_description": "Perfective.", "valueset_pk": 1257, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 1257, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lSarsi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 37, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=s=x\u00e1 , =s=y\u00ed ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 37, "parent_pk": 4, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "sars1236", "ethnologue_code": "srs", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Sarsi", "name": "Sarsi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 50.8822, "longitude": -114.301}, "name": "Sarsi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-114.301, 50.8822]}, "id": "Sarsi"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5924, "ipa": "nek ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMeglenoRomanian-0", "name": "nek {nec}", "description": "Capidan 1935: 205. Polysemy: 'to choke / to kill / to drown'. \nIn the dialect of \u0162\u00e2rnareca there is also a word v\u02c8at-\u0259m {v\u00e1t\u0103m} 'to kill' [Capidan 1935: 324]. \nDistinct from dut\u0259l\u010d\u0254s {dut\u0103lt\u0161\u01ebs} 'to beat up' ({muraru mi dut\u0103lt\u0161\u00ec di chi\u032futec} \"the miller beat me up in a fight\" [Capidan 1928: 118]) and spark {sparg} 'damage, break, beat' [Capidan 1935: 271] ({acu mi sparzi, du-ti tu cu mlaznitsili, ca s\u0103 mi duc cu st\u0119rpili} \"You can beat me up, but you will tend milk sheep while I will tend dry sheep\" [Capidan 1928: 31]). ", "markup_description": "Capidan 1935: 205. Polysemy: 'to choke / to kill / to drown'. \nIn the dialect of \u0162\u00e2rnareca there is also a word v\u02c8at-\u0259m {v\u00e1t\u0103m} 'to kill' [Capidan 1935: 324]. \nDistinct from dut\u0259l\u010d\u0254s {dut\u0103lt\u0161\u01ebs} 'to beat up' ({muraru mi dut\u0103lt\u0161\u00ec di chi\u032futec} \"the miller beat me up in a fight\" [Capidan 1928: 118]) and spark {sparg} 'damage, break, beat' [Capidan 1935: 271] ({acu mi sparzi, du-ti tu cu mlaznitsili, ca s\u0103 mi duc cu st\u0119rpili} \"You can beat me up, but you will tend milk sheep while I will tend dry sheep\" [Capidan 1928: 31]). ", "valueset_pk": 4969, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4969, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMeglenoRomanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 40, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "nek {nec}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 40, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "megl1237", "ethnologue_code": "ruq", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "MeglenoRomanian", "name": "Megleno Romanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.1174, "longitude": 22.3782}, "name": "Megleno Romanian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [22.3782, 41.1174]}, "id": "MeglenoRomanian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5925, "ipa": "ut\u0320\u0361\u0283\u02c8id-e ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lIstroRomanian-0", "name": "u\u010d\u02c8id-e {u\u010d\u00edde}", "description": "Kova\u010dec 2010; S\u00e2rbu & Fr\u0103\u0163il\u0103 1998: 292; Byhan 1899: 377.", "markup_description": "Kova\u010dec 2010; S\u00e2rbu & Fr\u0103\u0163il\u0103 1998: 292; Byhan 1899: 377.", "valueset_pk": 4970, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4970, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lIstroRomanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 41, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "u\u010d\u02c8id-e {u\u010d\u00edde}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 41, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "istr1245", "ethnologue_code": "ruo", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "IstroRomanian", "name": "Istro Romanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 45.433, "longitude": 14.2}, "name": "Istro Romanian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [14.2, 45.433]}, "id": "IstroRomanian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5926, "ipa": "v\u02c8at-\u0259m ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lAromanian-0", "name": "v\u02c8at-\u0259m {v\u00e1t\u0103m}", "description": "Papahagi 1963: 1101; Cunia 2010: 1074-1075; Dalametra 1906: 220-221; Go\u0142\u0105b 1984: 258. Goes back to the Latin {victimare} 'to offer (an animal) in sacrifice'. The term m\u02c8or-\u016d {mor} 'to die' can be sometimes used in the meaning 'to kill' as well. Cf. {mur\u00ed\u0163-\u013ei \u03de\u00edne} \"kill them well\"; {a ta bo\u00e1\u0163e c\u0103 n'-mi mo\u00e1re} \"your voice which kills me\" [Papahagi 1963: 702].", "markup_description": "Papahagi 1963: 1101; Cunia 2010: 1074-1075; Dalametra 1906: 220-221; Go\u0142\u0105b 1984: 258. Goes back to the Latin {victimare} 'to offer (an animal) in sacrifice'. The term m\u02c8or-\u016d {mor} 'to die' can be sometimes used in the meaning 'to kill' as well. Cf. {mur\u00ed\u0163-\u013ei \u03de\u00edne} \"kill them well\"; {a ta bo\u00e1\u0163e c\u0103 n'-mi mo\u00e1re} \"your voice which kills me\" [Papahagi 1963: 702].", "valueset_pk": 4971, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4971, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lAromanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 42, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "v\u02c8at-\u0259m {v\u00e1t\u0103m}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 42, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "arom1237", "ethnologue_code": "rup", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Aromanian", "name": "Aromanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.616, "longitude": 21.2}, "name": "Aromanian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [21.2, 40.616]}, "id": "Aromanian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5927, "ipa": "a=ut\u0320\u0361\u0283\u02c8id-e ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lRomanian-0", "name": "a=u\u010d\u02c8id-e {a ucide}", "description": "DER 2004: 536; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1530; Gancz 2015. There are two expressions for 'to kill': a=u\u010d\u02c8id-e {a ucide} and a=omor-\u02c8\u0268 {a omor\u00ee}. They are synonyms, but a=u\u010d\u02c8id-e is stylistically stronger, cf. {El nu a fost atent c\u00e2nd conducea \u0219i a omor\u00e2t un om care traversa} \"He did not pay attention when he was driving and he killed a man who was crossing the street\" and {Criminalul a ucis victima cu s\u00e2nge rece} \"The murderer killed the victim in cold blood\" [Gancz 2015]. We have to treat these words as synonyms. Moldavian: a=u\u010d\u02c8id-e {a ucide} 'to kill' [Podiko 1973: 966; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 457].", "markup_description": "DER 2004: 536; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1530; Gancz 2015. There are two expressions for 'to kill': a=u\u010d\u02c8id-e {a ucide} and a=omor-\u02c8\u0268 {a omor\u00ee}. They are synonyms, but a=u\u010d\u02c8id-e is stylistically stronger, cf. {El nu a fost atent c\u00e2nd conducea \u0219i a omor\u00e2t un om care traversa} \"He did not pay attention when he was driving and he killed a man who was crossing the street\" and {Criminalul a ucis victima cu s\u00e2nge rece} \"The murderer killed the victim in cold blood\" [Gancz 2015]. We have to treat these words as synonyms. Moldavian: a=u\u010d\u02c8id-e {a ucide} 'to kill' [Podiko 1973: 966; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 457].", "valueset_pk": 4972, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4972, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lRomanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 43, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 5980, "ipa": "a=omor-\u02c8\u0268 ", "cognate_class": -1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lRomanian-1", "name": "a=omor-\u02c8\u0268 {a omor\u00ee}", "description": "DER 2004: 536; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1530; Gancz 2015. Borrowed from some Slavic source [Cior\u0103nescu 2015]. Moldavian: a=omor-\u02c8\u0268 {a omor\u00ee} 'to kill' [Podiko 1973: 966; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 457].", "markup_description": "DER 2004: 536; Bolocan et al. 1985: 1530; Gancz 2015. Borrowed from some Slavic source [Cior\u0103nescu 2015]. Moldavian: a=omor-\u02c8\u0268 {a omor\u00ee} 'to kill' [Podiko 1973: 966; Borsh & Zaporozhan 1990: 457].", "valueset_pk": 4972, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4972, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lRomanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 43, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "a=u\u010d\u02c8id-e {a ucide}, a=omor-\u02c8\u0268 {a omor\u00ee}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 43, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "roma1327", "ethnologue_code": "ron", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Romanian", "name": "Romanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 46.3913, "longitude": 24.2256}, "name": "Romanian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [24.2256, 46.3913]}, "id": "Romanian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5928, "ipa": "dram-\u02c8wo-r ", "cognate_class": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDalmatian-0", "name": "dram-\u02c8wo-r {dramu\u0361\u1ecdr}", "description": "Bartoli translates this verb as 'ammazzare' ('to kill with violence'), but the contexts do not confirm this translation: {ju jai\u032f joi\u032fna j\u00e1rma per dramu\u0361\u1ecdr} 'I have a weapon to kill' [Bartoli 2002: 251]; {lo ju dram\u00fat ko\u1e45 joi\u032fna petr\u00fata} \"he was killed with a throw of a stone\" [Bartoli 2002: 252]. In Dubrovnik in the year 1364 the form {anchidere} 'to kill' is attested [Bartoli 2002: 352].", "markup_description": "Bartoli translates this verb as 'ammazzare' ('to kill with violence'), but the contexts do not confirm this translation: {ju jai\u032f joi\u032fna j\u00e1rma per dramu\u0361\u1ecdr} 'I have a weapon to kill' [Bartoli 2002: 251]; {lo ju dram\u00fat ko\u1e45 joi\u032fna petr\u00fata} \"he was killed with a throw of a stone\" [Bartoli 2002: 252]. In Dubrovnik in the year 1364 the form {anchidere} 'to kill' is attested [Bartoli 2002: 352].", "valueset_pk": 4973, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4973, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDalmatian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 44, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "dram-\u02c8wo-r {dramu\u0361\u1ecdr}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 44, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "dalm1243", "ethnologue_code": "dlm", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Dalmatian", "name": "Dalmatian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 42.7095, "longitude": 18.0238}, "name": "Dalmatian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.0238, 42.7095]}, "id": "Dalmatian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5929, "ipa": "kop-\u02c8a\u02d0 ", "cognate_class": 5, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lFriulian-0", "name": "kop-\u02c8a\u02d0 {cop\u00e2}", "description": "Decorte 2015; Virili 2015. Used for people and animals. Distinct from ma\u010d-\u02c8a\u02d0 {ma\u00e7\u00e2} 'to kill', used mostly for people [Virili 2015].", "markup_description": "Decorte 2015; Virili 2015. Used for people and animals. Distinct from ma\u010d-\u02c8a\u02d0 {ma\u00e7\u00e2} 'to kill', used mostly for people [Virili 2015].", "valueset_pk": 4974, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4974, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lFriulian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 45, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "kop-\u02c8a\u02d0 {cop\u00e2}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 45, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "friu1240", "ethnologue_code": "fur", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Friulian", "name": "Friulian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 46.1473, "longitude": 13.0493}, "name": "Friulian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [13.0493, 46.1473]}, "id": "Friulian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5936, "ipa": "mas-\u02c8e ", "cognate_class": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLanzoTorinesePiemontese-0", "name": "mas-\u02c8e {mass\u00e9}", "description": "Gisolo 2015; Brero 1976: 385.", "markup_description": "Gisolo 2015; Brero 1976: 385.", "valueset_pk": 4981, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4981, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLanzoTorinesePiemontese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 52, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "mas-\u02c8e {mass\u00e9}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 52, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "piem1238", "ethnologue_code": "pms", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "LanzoTorinesePiemontese", "name": "Lanzo Torinese Piemontese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 45.4633, "longitude": 8.32366}, "name": "Lanzo Torinese Piemontese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [8.32366, 45.4633]}, "id": "LanzoTorinesePiemontese"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5937, "ipa": "mas-\u02c8e ", "cognate_class": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lBarbaniaPiemontese-0", "name": "mas-\u02c8e {mass\u00e9}", "description": "Fiandro 2015; Brero 1976: 385.", "markup_description": "Fiandro 2015; Brero 1976: 385.", "valueset_pk": 4982, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4982, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lBarbaniaPiemontese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 53, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "mas-\u02c8e {mass\u00e9}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 53, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "piem1238", "ethnologue_code": "pms", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "BarbaniaPiemontese", "name": "Barbania Piemontese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 45.4633, "longitude": 8.32366}, "name": "Barbania Piemontese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [8.32366, 45.4633]}, "id": "BarbaniaPiemontese"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5938, "ipa": "mas-\u02c8e ", "cognate_class": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCarmagnolaPiemontese-0", "name": "mas-\u02c8e {mass\u00e9}", "description": "Sanero 2015.", "markup_description": "Sanero 2015.", "valueset_pk": 4983, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4983, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCarmagnolaPiemontese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 54, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "mas-\u02c8e {mass\u00e9}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 54, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "piem1238", "ethnologue_code": "pms", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "CarmagnolaPiemontese", "name": "Carmagnola Piemontese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 45.4633, "longitude": 8.32366}, "name": "Carmagnola Piemontese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [8.32366, 45.4633]}, "id": "CarmagnolaPiemontese"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5940, "ipa": "mas-\u02c8\u025b", "cognate_class": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lVercellesePiemontese-0", "name": "mas-\u02c8\u025b", "description": "Noris 2015.", "markup_description": "Noris 2015.", "valueset_pk": 4985, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4985, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lVercellesePiemontese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 56, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "mas-\u02c8\u025b", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 56, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "piem1238", "ethnologue_code": "pms", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "VercellesePiemontese", "name": "Vercellese Piemontese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 45.4633, "longitude": 8.32366}, "name": "Vercellese Piemontese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [8.32366, 45.4633]}, "id": "VercellesePiemontese"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5942, "ipa": "mat\u0361s-\u02c8a ", "cognate_class": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lPlesioLombard-0", "name": "mac-\u02c8a {maz\u00e0}", "description": "Selva 2015. Distinct from kup-\u02c8a {cup\u00e0} 'to kill', which is more archaic and colloquial [Selva 2015].", "markup_description": "Selva 2015. Distinct from kup-\u02c8a {cup\u00e0} 'to kill', which is more archaic and colloquial [Selva 2015].", "valueset_pk": 4987, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4987, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lPlesioLombard", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 58, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "mac-\u02c8a {maz\u00e0}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 58, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "lomb1257", "ethnologue_code": "lmo", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "PlesioLombard", "name": "Plesio Lombard", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 45.8817, "longitude": 9.39509}, "name": "Plesio Lombard"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [9.39509, 45.8817]}, "id": "PlesioLombard"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5943, "ipa": "a=kup-\u02c8e\u0259\u032f ", "cognate_class": 5, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lRavennateRomagnol-0", "name": "a=kup-\u02c8e\u0259\u032f {acup\u00ear}", "description": "Ercolani 1960: 3. Marchigiano: mac-\u02c8\u025b {maz\u00e8} 'to kill' [Pucci 2015].", "markup_description": "Ercolani 1960: 3. Marchigiano: mac-\u02c8\u025b {maz\u00e8} 'to kill' [Pucci 2015].", "valueset_pk": 4988, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4988, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lRavennateRomagnol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 59, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "a=kup-\u02c8e\u0259\u032f {acup\u00ear}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 59, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "roma1328", "ethnologue_code": "rgn", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "RavennateRomagnol", "name": "Ravennate Romagnol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 44.2349, "longitude": 11.7189}, "name": "Ravennate Romagnol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [11.7189, 44.2349]}, "id": "RavennateRomagnol"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5944, "ipa": "mat\u0361s-\u02c8a-r ", "cognate_class": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lFerrareseEmiliano-0", "name": "mac-\u02c8a-r {maz\u00e0r}", "description": "Piacentini 2015.", "markup_description": "Piacentini 2015.", "valueset_pk": 4989, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4989, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lFerrareseEmiliano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 60, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "mac-\u02c8a-r {maz\u00e0r}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 60, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "emil1241", "ethnologue_code": "eml", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "FerrareseEmiliano", "name": "Ferrarese Emiliano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 44.3536, "longitude": 11.5794}, "name": "Ferrarese Emiliano"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [11.5794, 44.3536]}, "id": "FerrareseEmiliano"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5945, "ipa": "mas-\u02c8\u025b\u02d0-r ", "cognate_class": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCarpigianoEmiliano-0", "name": "mas-\u02c8\u025b\u02d0-r {mas\u00e8r}", "description": "Sacchi 2015. Distinct from kup-\u02c8\u025b\u02d0r {cup\u00e8r} 'to kill (animals)'.", "markup_description": "Sacchi 2015. Distinct from kup-\u02c8\u025b\u02d0r {cup\u00e8r} 'to kill (animals)'.", "valueset_pk": 4990, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4990, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lCarpigianoEmiliano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 61, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "mas-\u02c8\u025b\u02d0-r {mas\u00e8r}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 61, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "emil1241", "ethnologue_code": "eml", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "CarpigianoEmiliano", "name": "Carpigiano Emiliano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 44.3536, "longitude": 11.5794}, "name": "Carpigiano Emiliano"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [11.5794, 44.3536]}, "id": "CarpigianoEmiliano"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5946, "ipa": "mas-\u02c8\u025b\u02d0-r ", "cognate_class": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lReggianoEmiliano-0", "name": "mas-\u02c8\u025b\u02d0-r {mas\u00ear}", "description": "Chertein 2015.", "markup_description": "Chertein 2015.", "valueset_pk": 4991, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 4991, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lReggianoEmiliano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 62, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "mas-\u02c8\u025b\u02d0-r {mas\u00ear}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 62, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "emil1241", "ethnologue_code": "eml", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ReggianoEmiliano", "name": "Reggiano Emiliano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 44.3536, "longitude": 11.5794}, "name": "Reggiano Emiliano"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [11.5794, 44.3536]}, "id": "ReggianoEmiliano"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5947, "ipa": "a=m\u02d0as\u02d0-\u02c8a", 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"ManisesCatalan"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5972, "ipa": "m\u0250t-\u02c8a-\u027e ", "cognate_class": 8, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lStandardPortuguese-0", "name": "m\u0250t-\u02c8a-\u027e {matar}", "description": "Voinova et al. 1989: 650.", "markup_description": "Voinova et al. 1989: 650.", "valueset_pk": 5017, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 5017, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lStandardPortuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 88, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "m\u0250t-\u02c8a-\u027e {matar}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 88, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "port1283", "ethnologue_code": "por", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "StandardPortuguese", "name": "Standard Portuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 39.91, "longitude": -8.1}, "name": "Standard Portuguese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-8.1, 39.91]}, "id": "StandardPortuguese"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5973, "ipa": "mat-\u02c8a-\u027e ", "cognate_class": 8, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lGalician-0", "name": "mat-\u02c8a-\u027e {matar} ", "description": "Montoya Bola\u00f1os 2015; Fern\u00e1ndez Armesto 1981: 504; Carr\u00e9 Alvarellos 1972: 987, 619. ", "markup_description": "Montoya Bola\u00f1os 2015; Fern\u00e1ndez Armesto 1981: 504; Carr\u00e9 Alvarellos 1972: 987, 619. ", "valueset_pk": 5018, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 5018, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lGalician", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 89, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 5981, "ipa": " ", "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lGalician-1", "name": " ", "description": " ", "markup_description": " ", "valueset_pk": 5018, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 5018, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lGalician", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 89, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "mat-\u02c8a-\u027e {matar} , ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 89, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "gali1258", "ethnologue_code": "glg", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Galician", "name": "Galician", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 42.2446, "longitude": -7.5343}, "name": "Galician"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-7.5343, 42.2446]}, "id": "Galician"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5974, "ipa": "ty-\u02c8a ", "cognate_class": -1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lProvencalOccitan-0", "name": "t\u00fc-\u02c8a {tua} ~ t\u00fcy-\u02c8a {tuia}", "description": "Coupier 1995: 1447. Distinct from the obsolete term mat-\u02c8a {mata} 'to kill' [Coupier 1995: 1447].", "markup_description": "Coupier 1995: 1447. Distinct from the obsolete term mat-\u02c8a {mata} 'to kill' [Coupier 1995: 1447].", "valueset_pk": 5019, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 5019, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lProvencalOccitan", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 90, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "t\u00fc-\u02c8a {tua} ~ t\u00fcy-\u02c8a {tuia}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 90, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "prov1235", "ethnologue_code": "oci", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ProvencalOccitan", "name": "Proven\u00e7al Occitan", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 44.0, "longitude": 6.0}, "name": "Proven\u00e7al Occitan"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.0, 44.0]}, "id": "ProvencalOccitan"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 5977, "ipa": "t\u0265-e ", "cognate_class": 9, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lStandardFrench-0", "name": "t\u0265-e {tuer}", "description": "Robert-Collins 1989: 360; Rayevskaya 2013: 618. Distinct from asasin-e {assassiner} 'to murder' [Robert-Collins 1989: 360].", "markup_description": "Robert-Collins 1989: 360; Rayevskaya 2013: 618. Distinct from asasin-e {assassiner} 'to murder' [Robert-Collins 1989: 360].", "valueset_pk": 5022, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 5022, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lStandardFrench", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 93, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "t\u0265-e {tuer}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 93, "parent_pk": 5, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "stan1290", "ethnologue_code": "fra", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "StandardFrench", "name": "Standard French", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 48.0, "longitude": 2.0}, "name": "Standard French"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [2.0, 48.0]}, "id": "StandardFrench"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 10076, "ipa": "ka\u0301 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lSkou-0", "name": "ka\u0301 {ka\u0301}", "description": "Donohue 2002: 25; Donohue 2004: 526. Polysemy \u2018to hit / to kill\u2019. An example: \"I killed the dog, it died\" (Donohue 2002: 76).", "markup_description": "Donohue 2002: 25; Donohue 2004: 526. Polysemy \u2018to hit / to kill\u2019. An example: \"I killed the dog, it died\" (Donohue 2002: 76).", "valueset_pk": 8953, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 8953, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lSkou", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 96, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "ka\u0301 {ka\u0301}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 96, "parent_pk": 6, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "nucl1634", "ethnologue_code": "skv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Skou", "name": "Skou", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -2.64378, "longitude": 140.902}, "name": "Skou"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [140.902, -2.64378]}, "id": "Skou"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11201, "ipa": "be-s-b-esun ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lVartashenUdi-0", "name": "be-s-b-esun {\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0443\u043d} ", "description": "Gukasyan 1974: 78; F\u00e4hnrich 1999: 9; Dirr 1903: 2, 70, 96; Schiefner 1863: 101; Schulze 2001: 255; Starchevskiy 1891: 489. In [Dzheiranishvili 1971: 265] 'to kill' is translated as be-s-p\u02d0-esun ~ be-s-b-esun (the former variant apparently stays for syncopated be-s-p\u02d0-sun with bs > p\u02d0s).\nCommon Udi notes: Common Udi *be-s-b-esun. A transitive/causative from be-s-, formed with the light verb -b- 'to do' [Schulze 2005: 569 ff. (3.4.2.2 #22 ff.)]. As accepted in [NCED: 662], be-s- is apparently a contracted form of the infinitive bi-es from the verb bi-esun ~ bi-sun 'to die' q.v. The change i > e is not entirely clear, however. \n\tCaucasian Albanian: A labile verb with the suppletive paradigm: bil\u02b8-a- (present, imperative, future) / p\u02bcur-i- (past) and polysemy: 'to die / to kill' [Gippert et al. 2008: II-44, IV-35]. See notes on 'to die'. ", "markup_description": "Gukasyan 1974: 78; F\u00e4hnrich 1999: 9; Dirr 1903: 2, 70, 96; Schiefner 1863: 101; Schulze 2001: 255; Starchevskiy 1891: 489. In [Dzheiranishvili 1971: 265] 'to kill' is translated as be-s-p\u02d0-esun ~ be-s-b-esun (the former variant apparently stays for syncopated be-s-p\u02d0-sun with bs > p\u02d0s).\nCommon Udi notes: Common Udi *be-s-b-esun. A transitive/causative from be-s-, formed with the light verb -b- 'to do' [Schulze 2005: 569 ff. (3.4.2.2 #22 ff.)]. As accepted in [NCED: 662], be-s- is apparently a contracted form of the infinitive bi-es from the verb bi-esun ~ bi-sun 'to die' q.v. The change i > e is not entirely clear, however. \n\tCaucasian Albanian: A labile verb with the suppletive paradigm: bil\u02b8-a- (present, imperative, future) / p\u02bcur-i- (past) and polysemy: 'to die / to kill' [Gippert et al. 2008: II-44, IV-35]. See notes on 'to die'. ", "valueset_pk": 9904, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9904, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lVartashenUdi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 98, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11222, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lVartashenUdi-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "\nCommon Udi notes: ", "markup_description": "\nCommon Udi notes: ", "valueset_pk": 9904, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9904, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lVartashenUdi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 98, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "be-s-b-esun {\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0443\u043d} , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 98, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "udii1243", "ethnologue_code": "udi", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "VartashenUdi", "name": "Vartashen Udi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.9, "longitude": 47.7236}, "name": "Vartashen Udi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.7236, 40.9]}, "id": "VartashenUdi"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11202, "ipa": "=\u02c8at\u0320\u0361\u0283a- ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lArchi-0", "name": "=\u02c8a\u010da- ", "description": "Chumakina et al. 2007; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 170; Kibrik et al. 1977b: 185; Kibrik et al. 1977a 3: 234; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 248; Mikailov 1967: 173; Dirr 1908: 131, 224. The main meaning of this frequent verb is generic: 'to perform an action most typically associated with the given object in the current situation', an additional specific meaning is 'to kill', obj. = human or animal, sg. or pl. For the pl. object cf. examples like \"Who can kill them (= two lovers) in the presence of the people?\" [Kibrik et al. 1977b: 11]. \n\tMore marginal are two complex causative verbs, which literally mean 'to make to die': \n\t1) k\u02bcis-a- from the verb =k\u02bca- 'to die (sg.)' q.v. Found in some texts, e.g., [Kibrik et al. 1977b: 61, 85, 88]. Apparently used with sg. obj. only. \n\t2) \u03c7\u02b7is-a- with polysemy 'to kill / to beat up (obj. = people) / to scold severely, condemn / to wear out' [Chumakina et al. 2007] from the verb =\u03c7\u02b7i- 'to die (pl. subj.)'. This is not specified in [Chumakina et al. 2007], but apparently \u03c7\u02b7is-as is applied to pl. obj. only. ", "markup_description": "Chumakina et al. 2007; Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 170; Kibrik et al. 1977b: 185; Kibrik et al. 1977a 3: 234; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 248; Mikailov 1967: 173; Dirr 1908: 131, 224. The main meaning of this frequent verb is generic: 'to perform an action most typically associated with the given object in the current situation', an additional specific meaning is 'to kill', obj. = human or animal, sg. or pl. For the pl. object cf. examples like \"Who can kill them (= two lovers) in the presence of the people?\" [Kibrik et al. 1977b: 11]. \n\tMore marginal are two complex causative verbs, which literally mean 'to make to die': \n\t1) k\u02bcis-a- from the verb =k\u02bca- 'to die (sg.)' q.v. Found in some texts, e.g., [Kibrik et al. 1977b: 61, 85, 88]. Apparently used with sg. obj. only. \n\t2) \u03c7\u02b7is-a- with polysemy 'to kill / to beat up (obj. = people) / to scold severely, condemn / to wear out' [Chumakina et al. 2007] from the verb =\u03c7\u02b7i- 'to die (pl. subj.)'. This is not specified in [Chumakina et al. 2007], but apparently \u03c7\u02b7is-as is applied to pl. obj. only. ", "valueset_pk": 9905, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9905, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lArchi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 99, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "=\u02c8a\u010da- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 99, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "arch1244", "ethnologue_code": "aqc", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Archi", "name": "Archi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 42.3239, "longitude": 46.8267}, "name": "Archi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [46.8267, 42.3239]}, "id": "Archi"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11203, "ipa": "q\u02bc\u00e6j- ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKrytsproper-0", "name": "q\u02bc\u00e4y- ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 171; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 248. Polysemy: 'to die / to kill'. See notes on 'to die'.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 171; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 248. Polysemy: 'to die / to kill'. See notes on 'to die'.", "valueset_pk": 9906, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9906, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKrytsproper", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 100, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "q\u02bc\u00e4y- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 100, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "kryt1240", "ethnologue_code": "kry", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Krytsproper", "name": "Kryts (proper)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.1811, "longitude": 48.1846}, "name": "Kryts (proper)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [48.1846, 41.1811]}, "id": "Krytsproper"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11205, "ipa": "at\u02bcu- ", "cognate_class": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lBudukh-0", "name": "at\u02bcu- {\u0430\u0442I\u0443-} ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 171. Missing from [Meylanova 1984] as a separate entry, but attested in examples, e.g., [Meylanova 1984: 26 sub barut, etc.]. \n\tIn [Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 248] 'to kill' is glossed as \u00fclum si\u0294i- {\u0443\u044c\u043b\u0443\u043c \u0441\u0438\u044a\u0438}, literally 'death' + 'to do', which could be a neologism on the authors' part (note that \u00fclum is an error for \u00fcl\u00fcm 'death' [Meylanova 1984: 140]).", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 171. Missing from [Meylanova 1984] as a separate entry, but attested in examples, e.g., [Meylanova 1984: 26 sub barut, etc.]. \n\tIn [Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 248] 'to kill' is glossed as \u00fclum si\u0294i- {\u0443\u044c\u043b\u0443\u043c \u0441\u0438\u044a\u0438}, literally 'death' + 'to do', which could be a neologism on the authors' part (note that \u00fclum is an error for \u00fcl\u00fcm 'death' [Meylanova 1984: 140]).", "valueset_pk": 9908, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9908, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lBudukh", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 102, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "at\u02bcu- {\u0430\u0442I\u0443-} ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 102, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "budu1248", "ethnologue_code": "bdk", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Budukh", "name": "Budukh", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.2272, "longitude": 48.3353}, "name": "Budukh"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [48.3353, 41.2272]}, "id": "Budukh"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11209, "ipa": "CLASS=iq\u02bc-i-r ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMukhadRutul-0", "name": "CLASS=iq\u02bc-i-r {\u0439\u0438\u043a\u044c\u0438\u043d} ", "description": "Dirr 1912: 144, 202; Ibragimov 1978: 121; Makhmudova 2001: 71, 116, 252; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 248. Labile verb with polysemy: 'to kill / to die (q.v.)', applied to sg. obj./subj. \n\tDistinct from CLASS=\u0268rq\u02bc- / CLASS=q\u02bc\u0268rq\u02bc- 'to kill (pl. obj.) / to die (pl. subj.)' [Dirr 1912: 144, 166]. \n\tA second candidate is y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4-, glossed as 'to kill' in [Makhmudova 2001: 107] with the example: \"Matsay killed his own chicken\" [Makhmudova 2001: 176-177]. But the main meaning of y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4- is 'to strike, hit; to wound', as it is glossed in [Dirr 1912: 163] (with examples) and [Ibragimov 1978: 121]; cf also two additional examples: \"The raising sun touched (lit. struck) the mountain top\" [Makhmudova 2001: 73], \"Beat the drum!\" [Makhmudova 2001: 210].\nCommon Rutul notes: The Proto-Rutul verb for 'to kill (sg. obj.)' was the labile =iq\u02bc- 'to die (sg. subj.) / to kill (sg. obj.)'. The verb for 'to die (pl. subj.) / to kill (pl. obj.)', attested in Mukhad and Luchek, is etymologically related, formed with reduplication. \n\tThere is a tendency in Rutul dialects to restrict =iq\u02bc- to the meaning 'to die' and ascribe the meaning 'to kill' to the verb y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4- 'to strike, hit', which is derived from \u0268\u03c7\u02e4- 'to strike, hit' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 102] with the prefix y=. This process is currently finished in the Luchek dialect. It must be noted that the semantic development 'to hit' > 'to kill' is normal, whereas vice versa is typologically odd.", "markup_description": "Dirr 1912: 144, 202; Ibragimov 1978: 121; Makhmudova 2001: 71, 116, 252; Comrie & Khalilov 2010: 248. Labile verb with polysemy: 'to kill / to die (q.v.)', applied to sg. obj./subj. \n\tDistinct from CLASS=\u0268rq\u02bc- / CLASS=q\u02bc\u0268rq\u02bc- 'to kill (pl. obj.) / to die (pl. subj.)' [Dirr 1912: 144, 166]. \n\tA second candidate is y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4-, glossed as 'to kill' in [Makhmudova 2001: 107] with the example: \"Matsay killed his own chicken\" [Makhmudova 2001: 176-177]. But the main meaning of y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4- is 'to strike, hit; to wound', as it is glossed in [Dirr 1912: 163] (with examples) and [Ibragimov 1978: 121]; cf also two additional examples: \"The raising sun touched (lit. struck) the mountain top\" [Makhmudova 2001: 73], \"Beat the drum!\" [Makhmudova 2001: 210].\nCommon Rutul notes: The Proto-Rutul verb for 'to kill (sg. obj.)' was the labile =iq\u02bc- 'to die (sg. subj.) / to kill (sg. obj.)'. The verb for 'to die (pl. subj.) / to kill (pl. obj.)', attested in Mukhad and Luchek, is etymologically related, formed with reduplication. \n\tThere is a tendency in Rutul dialects to restrict =iq\u02bc- to the meaning 'to die' and ascribe the meaning 'to kill' to the verb y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4- 'to strike, hit', which is derived from \u0268\u03c7\u02e4- 'to strike, hit' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 102] with the prefix y=. This process is currently finished in the Luchek dialect. It must be noted that the semantic development 'to hit' > 'to kill' is normal, whereas vice versa is typologically odd.", "valueset_pk": 9912, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9912, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMukhadRutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 106, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11226, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMukhadRutul-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "\nCommon Rutul notes: ", "markup_description": "\nCommon Rutul notes: ", "valueset_pk": 9912, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9912, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lMukhadRutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 106, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "CLASS=iq\u02bc-i-r {\u0439\u0438\u043a\u044c\u0438\u043d} , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 106, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "rutu1240", "ethnologue_code": "rut", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "MukhadRutul", "name": "Mukhad Rutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.6187, "longitude": 47.3244}, "name": "Mukhad Rutul"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.3244, 41.6187]}, "id": "MukhadRutul"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11211, "ipa": "j=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4-\u0268-r ", "cognate_class": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLuchekRutul-0", "name": "y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4-\u0268-r ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 171. Synchronically irregular verb with three parallel imperfective stems: y=\u0268=l=\u03c7\u02e4-a-r- ~ r=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4-a-r- ~ y=\u0268=r=\u03c7\u0295-a-r- [imperf.] / \u0268\u03c7\u02e4-\u0268-r [perf.]. Note the rare imperfective infix -l- and the relict imperfective prefix r-; the third imperfective stem is regular. Used both with sg. and pl. obj.\nCommon Rutul notes: The Proto-Rutul verb for 'to kill (sg. obj.)' was the labile =iq\u02bc- 'to die (sg. subj.) / to kill (sg. obj.)'. The verb for 'to die (pl. subj.) / to kill (pl. obj.)', attested in Mukhad and Luchek, is etymologically related, formed with reduplication. \n\tThere is a tendency in Rutul dialects to restrict =iq\u02bc- to the meaning 'to die' and ascribe the meaning 'to kill' to the verb y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4- 'to strike, hit', which is derived from \u0268\u03c7\u02e4- 'to strike, hit' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 102] with the prefix y=. This process is currently finished in the Luchek dialect. It must be noted that the semantic development 'to hit' > 'to kill' is normal, whereas vice versa is typologically odd.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 171. Synchronically irregular verb with three parallel imperfective stems: y=\u0268=l=\u03c7\u02e4-a-r- ~ r=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4-a-r- ~ y=\u0268=r=\u03c7\u0295-a-r- [imperf.] / \u0268\u03c7\u02e4-\u0268-r [perf.]. Note the rare imperfective infix -l- and the relict imperfective prefix r-; the third imperfective stem is regular. Used both with sg. and pl. obj.\nCommon Rutul notes: The Proto-Rutul verb for 'to kill (sg. obj.)' was the labile =iq\u02bc- 'to die (sg. subj.) / to kill (sg. obj.)'. The verb for 'to die (pl. subj.) / to kill (pl. obj.)', attested in Mukhad and Luchek, is etymologically related, formed with reduplication. \n\tThere is a tendency in Rutul dialects to restrict =iq\u02bc- to the meaning 'to die' and ascribe the meaning 'to kill' to the verb y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4- 'to strike, hit', which is derived from \u0268\u03c7\u02e4- 'to strike, hit' [Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 102] with the prefix y=. This process is currently finished in the Luchek dialect. It must be noted that the semantic development 'to hit' > 'to kill' is normal, whereas vice versa is typologically odd.", "valueset_pk": 9914, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9914, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLuchekRutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 108, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11228, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLuchekRutul-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "\nCommon Rutul notes: ", "markup_description": "\nCommon Rutul notes: ", "valueset_pk": 9914, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9914, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLuchekRutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 108, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "y=\u0268\u03c7\u02e4-\u0268-r , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 108, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "rutu1240", "ethnologue_code": "rut", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "LuchekRutul", "name": "Luchek Rutul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.6187, "longitude": 47.3244}, "name": "Luchek Rutul"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.3244, 41.6187]}, "id": "LuchekRutul"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11212, "ipa": "k\u02bc-i- ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKoshanAghul-0", "name": "k\u02bc-i- ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 170; Shaumyan 1941: 183. Synchronically suppletive imperative: yik\u02bc.\nCommon Aghul notes: Labile verb with polysemy: 'to kill / to die' in all the dialects.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 170; Shaumyan 1941: 183. Synchronically suppletive imperative: yik\u02bc.\nCommon Aghul notes: Labile verb with polysemy: 'to kill / to die' in all the dialects.", "valueset_pk": 9915, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9915, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKoshanAghul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 109, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11229, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKoshanAghul-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "\nCommon Aghul notes: ", "markup_description": "\nCommon Aghul notes: ", "valueset_pk": 9915, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9915, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lKoshanAghul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 109, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "k\u02bc-i- , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 109, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "kosh1245", "ethnologue_code": "agx", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "KoshanAghul", "name": "Koshan Aghul", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.85, "longitude": 47.65}, "name": "Koshan Aghul"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.65, 41.85]}, "id": "KoshanAghul"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11216, "ipa": "k\u02bc-e-", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lAghulproper-0", "name": "k\u02bc-e-", "description": " Suleymanov 1993: 77, 139. The same in the Kurag subdialect: k\u02bc-i- 'to die; to kill' [Magometov 1970: 139].", "markup_description": " Suleymanov 1993: 77, 139. The same in the Kurag subdialect: k\u02bc-i- 'to die; to kill' [Magometov 1970: 139].", "valueset_pk": 9919, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9919, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lAghulproper", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 113, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "k\u02bc-e-", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 113, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "aghu1253", "ethnologue_code": "agx", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Aghulproper", "name": "Aghul (proper)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.9242, "longitude": 47.5843}, "name": "Aghul (proper)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.5843, 41.9242]}, "id": "Aghulproper"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11217, "ipa": "jik\u02bc- ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lNorthernTabasaran-0", "name": "yik\u02bc- ", "description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 171.\nCommon Tabasaran notes: Labile verb with polysemy: 'to die (sg. subj.) / to kill (sg. obj.)', further see notes on 'to die'.", "markup_description": "Kibrik & Kodzasov 1988: 171.\nCommon Tabasaran notes: Labile verb with polysemy: 'to die (sg. subj.) / to kill (sg. obj.)', further see notes on 'to die'.", "valueset_pk": 9920, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9920, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lNorthernTabasaran", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 114, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11233, "ipa": null, "cognate_class": 0, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lNorthernTabasaran-1", "name": "N/A", "description": "\nCommon Tabasaran notes: ", "markup_description": "\nCommon Tabasaran notes: ", "valueset_pk": 9920, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9920, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lNorthernTabasaran", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 114, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "yik\u02bc- , N/A", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 114, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "taba1259", "ethnologue_code": "tab", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "NorthernTabasaran", "name": "Northern Tabasaran", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 42.0198, "longitude": 47.8379}, "name": "Northern Tabasaran"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.8379, 42.0198]}, "id": "NorthernTabasaran"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 11219, "ipa": "r=\u00e6q\u02bc\u02c8i- ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lGyuneLezgi-0", "name": "r=\u00e4q\u02bc\u02c8i- ", "description": "Uslar 1896: 529, 636, 637. Imperfective stem. Labile verb with polysemy: 'to die / to kill'; for further notes, see 'to die'.", "markup_description": "Uslar 1896: 529, 636, 637. Imperfective stem. Labile verb with polysemy: 'to die / to kill'; for further notes, see 'to die'.", "valueset_pk": 9922, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9922, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lGyuneLezgi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 116, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 11235, "ipa": "q\u02bc\u02c8e- ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lGyuneLezgi-1", "name": "q\u02bc\u02c8e- ", "description": "Perfective stem.", "markup_description": "Perfective stem.", "valueset_pk": 9922, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 9922, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lGyuneLezgi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 116, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "r=\u00e4q\u02bc\u02c8i- , q\u02bc\u02c8e- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 116, "parent_pk": 7, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "lezg1247", "ethnologue_code": "lez", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "GyuneLezgi", "name": "Gyune Lezgi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 41.5157, "longitude": 47.8951}, "name": "Gyune Lezgi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [47.8951, 41.5157]}, "id": "GyuneLezgi"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 13825, "ipa": "u=b\u02c8i-t ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lOrbaniciChakavian-0", "name": "u=b\u02c8i-t {ub\u0209t}", "description": "Kalsbeek 1998: 418. Imperfective form is u=bi\u02d0y-\u02c8a-t {ub\u012bj\u0201t}. Another possible candidate is kla-t {kl\u0201t}, glossed as 'kill, slaughter' in the dictionary [Kalsbeek 1998: 466]. However, kla-t {kl\u0201t} does not occur in the texts, while u=b\u02c8i-t {ub\u0209t} is very frequent.", "markup_description": "Kalsbeek 1998: 418. Imperfective form is u=bi\u02d0y-\u02c8a-t {ub\u012bj\u0201t}. Another possible candidate is kla-t {kl\u0201t}, glossed as 'kill, slaughter' in the dictionary [Kalsbeek 1998: 466]. However, kla-t {kl\u0201t} does not occur in the texts, while u=b\u02c8i-t {ub\u0209t} is very frequent.", "valueset_pk": 12089, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12089, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lOrbaniciChakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 120, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "u=b\u02c8i-t {ub\u0209t}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 120, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "chak1265", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "OrbaniciChakavian", "name": "Orbanici Chakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Orbanici Chakavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "OrbaniciChakavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 13826, "ipa": "u=b\u02c8i-t ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lOrlecChakavian-0", "name": "u=b\u02c8i-t {ub\u0209t}", "description": "Houtzagers 1985: 211.", "markup_description": "Houtzagers 1985: 211.", "valueset_pk": 12090, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12090, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lOrlecChakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 121, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "u=b\u02c8i-t {ub\u0209t}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 121, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "chak1265", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "OrlecChakavian", "name": "Orlec Chakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Orlec Chakavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "OrlecChakavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 13827, "ipa": "u=b\u00ee-ti ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lVrgadaChakavian-0", "name": "u=b\u00ee-ti {ub\u0209ti}", "description": "Juri\u0161i\u0107 1973: 222.", "markup_description": "Juri\u0161i\u0107 1973: 222.", "valueset_pk": 12091, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12091, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lVrgadaChakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 122, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "u=b\u00ee-ti {ub\u0209ti}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 122, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "chak1265", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "VrgadaChakavian", "name": "Vrgada Chakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Vrgada Chakavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "VrgadaChakavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 13828, "ipa": "\u0294\u02c8u=bi-t ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDevinskaNovaVesChakavian-0", "name": "\u0294\u02c8u=bi-t {\u00f9bit}", "description": "V\u00e1\u017en\u00fd 1927: 193.", "markup_description": "V\u00e1\u017en\u00fd 1927: 193.", "valueset_pk": 12092, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12092, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lDevinskaNovaVesChakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 123, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "\u0294\u02c8u=bi-t {\u00f9bit}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 123, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "chak1265", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "DevinskaNovaVesChakavian", "name": "Devinska Nova Ves Chakavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Devinska Nova Ves Chakavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "DevinskaNovaVesChakavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 13829, "ipa": "\u02c8u=bit ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lBurgenlandKajkavian-0", "name": "\u02c8u=bit {\u0215bit}", "description": "Houtzagers 1999: 230. Distinct from {um\u020drit} ~ {zmor\u0209t}, which Houtzagers translates as 'kill, liquidate' [Houtzagers 1999: 279]. Unfortunately, there are no contexts for these forms, so we cannot verify this translation, but we can suppose that it rather means 'to murder', as in literary Serbo-Croatian and Slovene.", "markup_description": "Houtzagers 1999: 230. Distinct from {um\u020drit} ~ {zmor\u0209t}, which Houtzagers translates as 'kill, liquidate' [Houtzagers 1999: 279]. Unfortunately, there are no contexts for these forms, so we cannot verify this translation, but we can suppose that it rather means 'to murder', as in literary Serbo-Croatian and Slovene.", "valueset_pk": 12093, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12093, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lBurgenlandKajkavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 124, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "\u02c8u=bit {\u0215bit}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 124, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "burg1244", "ethnologue_code": "hrv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "BurgenlandKajkavian", "name": "Burgenland Kajkavian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 47.544, "longitude": 16.626}, "name": "Burgenland Kajkavian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.626, 47.544]}, "id": "BurgenlandKajkavian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 13830, "ipa": "u=b\u02c8i\u02d0-ti ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLjubljanaSlovene-0", "name": "u=b\u02c8i\u02d0-ti {ubiti}", "description": "Ogrinc 2014; Uhlik 2016. \nStandard Slovene: {ubiti} [Pretnar 1964: 886].", "markup_description": "Ogrinc 2014; Uhlik 2016. \nStandard Slovene: {ubiti} [Pretnar 1964: 886].", "valueset_pk": 12094, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12094, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lLjubljanaSlovene", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 125, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "u=b\u02c8i\u02d0-ti {ubiti}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 125, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "slov1268", "ethnologue_code": "slv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "LjubljanaSlovene", "name": "Ljubljana Slovene", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 46.2543, "longitude": 14.7766}, "name": "Ljubljana Slovene"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [14.7766, 46.2543]}, "id": "LjubljanaSlovene"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 13832, "ipa": "u=\u03b2\u02c8i-t ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lZatolminSlovenian-0", "name": "u=\u03b2\u02c8i-t {u\u02c8\u0180it}", "description": "\u010cujec Stres 1: 367. For the non-reflexive form the dictionary entry only lists the meaning 'to brake', but examples clearly demonstrate that it means 'to kill' as well: {j\u0259 u\u02c8\u0180iwau\u032f \u02c8ka\u02d0\u010da, \u0259n\u02c8kumi j\u0259 j\u0259 u\u02c8\u0180u} \"he had been trying to kill a snake and killed it in the end\" [\u010cujec Stres 2: 367]; {s pi\u0161\u02c8tola j\u0259 u\u02c8\u0180u k\u02c8ra\u02d0wa} \"he killed a cow with a pistol\" [\u010cujec Stres 2: 37].", "markup_description": "\u010cujec Stres 1: 367. For the non-reflexive form the dictionary entry only lists the meaning 'to brake', but examples clearly demonstrate that it means 'to kill' as well: {j\u0259 u\u02c8\u0180iwau\u032f \u02c8ka\u02d0\u010da, \u0259n\u02c8kumi j\u0259 j\u0259 u\u02c8\u0180u} \"he had been trying to kill a snake and killed it in the end\" [\u010cujec Stres 2: 367]; {s pi\u0161\u02c8tola j\u0259 u\u02c8\u0180u k\u02c8ra\u02d0wa} \"he killed a cow with a pistol\" [\u010cujec Stres 2: 37].", "valueset_pk": 12096, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12096, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lZatolminSlovenian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 127, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "u=\u03b2\u02c8i-t {u\u02c8\u0180it}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 127, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "slov1268", "ethnologue_code": "slv", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "ZatolminSlovenian", "name": "Zatolmin Slovenian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 46.2543, "longitude": 14.7766}, "name": "Zatolmin Slovenian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [14.7766, 46.2543]}, "id": "ZatolminSlovenian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 13837, "ipa": "za=bi-t ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lPilisszantoSlovak-0", "name": "za=bi-t {zabit}", "description": "Some examples are: {O\u0148i sa potom pozhov\u00e1rali, \u017ee dobre bi bolo t\u00fa \u017eenu zabit a pe\u0148\u00e1ze jej zabrat} \"After that they conspired to kill this woman and take her money\" [Gregor 1975: 194]; {a teho xlapca mam a tato sa zhov\u00e1rali, \u017ee bolo bi ho dobre zabit to star\u00e9ho b\u00e1\u010diho} \"And this boy's mom and dad conspired to kill the old uncle\" [Gregor 1975: 190-191]. The imperfective form za=bi\u02d0y-a-t {zab\u00edjat} can be used without an object in the meaning 'to slaughter a pig' [Gregor 1975: 287].", "markup_description": "Some examples are: {O\u0148i sa potom pozhov\u00e1rali, \u017ee dobre bi bolo t\u00fa \u017eenu zabit a pe\u0148\u00e1ze jej zabrat} \"After that they conspired to kill this woman and take her money\" [Gregor 1975: 194]; {a teho xlapca mam a tato sa zhov\u00e1rali, \u017ee bolo bi ho dobre zabit to star\u00e9ho b\u00e1\u010diho} \"And this boy's mom and dad conspired to kill the old uncle\" [Gregor 1975: 190-191]. The imperfective form za=bi\u02d0y-a-t {zab\u00edjat} can be used without an object in the meaning 'to slaughter a pig' [Gregor 1975: 287].", "valueset_pk": 12101, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12101, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lPilisszantoSlovak", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 132, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "za=bi-t {zabit}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 132, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "slov1269", "ethnologue_code": "slk", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "PilisszantoSlovak", "name": "Pilisszanto Slovak", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 48.545705, "longitude": 18.78479}, "name": "Pilisszanto Slovak"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.78479, 48.545705]}, "id": "PilisszantoSlovak"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 13838, "ipa": "z\u02c8a=b\u02b2-i-t\u0361\u0255 ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lWieciorkaLesserPolish-0", "name": "z\u02c8a=b\u02b8-i-\u0255 {zab\u0301i\u0107}", "description": "Occurs only in the example: {\u0144i m\u0301\u00e5u\u032f sum\u0301\u0119\u0144\u00e5 naved zai\u032f\u01ebca zab\u0301i\u0107} \"He did not have the conscience to kill even a hare\" [Kuca\u0142a 1957: 233].", "markup_description": "Occurs only in the example: {\u0144i m\u0301\u00e5u\u032f sum\u0301\u0119\u0144\u00e5 naved zai\u032f\u01ebca zab\u0301i\u0107} \"He did not have the conscience to kill even a hare\" [Kuca\u0142a 1957: 233].", "valueset_pk": 12102, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 12102, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lWieciorkaLesserPolish", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 133, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "z\u02c8a=b\u02b8-i-\u0255 {zab\u0301i\u0107}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 133, "parent_pk": 8, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "poli1260", "ethnologue_code": "pol", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "WieciorkaLesserPolish", "name": "Wieciorka Lesser Polish", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 51.8439, "longitude": 18.6255}, "name": "Wieciorka Lesser Polish"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.6255, 51.8439]}, "id": "WieciorkaLesserPolish"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15204, "ipa": "n\u028a=\u0292\u028ad\u02b2-\u00ee\u02d0-t\u02b2\u026a ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lStandardLithuanian-0", "name": "n\u028a=\u017e\u028ad\u02b8-\u00ee\u02d0-t\u02b8\u026a {nu\u017eud\u00fdti}", "description": "Baronas provides a number of forms: {u\u017em\u00f9\u0161ti}, {nuk\u00e1uti}, {nu\u017eud\u00fdti}, {nud\u00f3bti}, {nugal\u00e3byti} and {nugal\u00faoti} [Baronas II: 518-519]. We can reject n\u028a=d\u00f4\u02d0p\u02b8-t\u02b8\u026a {nud\u00f3bti} as a colloquial term [Lyberis 2001: 452], as well as n\u028a=g\u0250\u026b-\u0250\u030cb\u02b8-i\u02d0-t\u02b8\u026a {nugal\u00e3byti} 'to kill, to slay' and n\u028a=g\u0250\u026b-w\u0254\u0302-t\u02b8\u026a {nugal\u00faoti} 'to torture' [Lyberis 2001: 453]. The term \u028a\u017e=m\u02c8\u028a\u0161\u02b8-t\u02b8\u026a {u\u017em\u00f9\u0161ti} usually means 'to kill with a hit' [DLK\u017d 1972: 895; LK\u017d 2017]. \nThe dictionaries do not show the difference between n\u028a=\u017e\u028ad\u02b8-\u00ee\u02d0-t\u02b8\u026a {nu\u017eud\u00fdti} and n\u028a=k\u0250\u0302w-t\u02b8\u026a {nuk\u00e1uti}, but according to the corpus, the first one is much more frequent [DLKT 2017].", "markup_description": "Baronas provides a number of forms: {u\u017em\u00f9\u0161ti}, {nuk\u00e1uti}, {nu\u017eud\u00fdti}, {nud\u00f3bti}, {nugal\u00e3byti} and {nugal\u00faoti} [Baronas II: 518-519]. We can reject n\u028a=d\u00f4\u02d0p\u02b8-t\u02b8\u026a {nud\u00f3bti} as a colloquial term [Lyberis 2001: 452], as well as n\u028a=g\u0250\u026b-\u0250\u030cb\u02b8-i\u02d0-t\u02b8\u026a {nugal\u00e3byti} 'to kill, to slay' and n\u028a=g\u0250\u026b-w\u0254\u0302-t\u02b8\u026a {nugal\u00faoti} 'to torture' [Lyberis 2001: 453]. The term \u028a\u017e=m\u02c8\u028a\u0161\u02b8-t\u02b8\u026a {u\u017em\u00f9\u0161ti} usually means 'to kill with a hit' [DLK\u017d 1972: 895; LK\u017d 2017]. \nThe dictionaries do not show the difference between n\u028a=\u017e\u028ad\u02b8-\u00ee\u02d0-t\u02b8\u026a {nu\u017eud\u00fdti} and n\u028a=k\u0250\u0302w-t\u02b8\u026a {nuk\u00e1uti}, but according to the corpus, the first one is much more frequent [DLKT 2017].", "valueset_pk": 13395, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13395, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lStandardLithuanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 136, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "n\u028a=\u017e\u028ad\u02b8-\u00ee\u02d0-t\u02b8\u026a {nu\u017eud\u00fdti}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 136, "parent_pk": 9, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "lith1251", "ethnologue_code": "lit", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "StandardLithuanian", "name": "Standard Lithuanian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 55.1429, "longitude": 23.9601}, "name": "Standard Lithuanian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [23.9601, 55.1429]}, "id": "StandardLithuanian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15205, "ipa": "nw\u0254\u030c=gal-in-\u00e2\u02d0-t ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lStandardLatvian-0", "name": "nw\u0254\u030c=gal-in-\u00e2\u02d0-t {n\u00f2galin\u0101\u0302t}", "description": "KLV 1988: 532; LVP 1995: 498.", "markup_description": "KLV 1988: 532; LVP 1995: 498.", "valueset_pk": 13396, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13396, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lStandardLatvian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 137, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "nw\u0254\u030c=gal-in-\u00e2\u02d0-t {n\u00f2galin\u0101\u0302t}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 137, "parent_pk": 9, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "stan1325", "ethnologue_code": "lvs", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "StandardLatvian", "name": "Standard Latvian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 57.0, "longitude": 24.0}, "name": "Standard Latvian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [24.0, 57.0]}, "id": "StandardLatvian"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15385, "ipa": "kuen- ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lHittiteOld-0", "name": "kuen- ", "description": "HED K: 206; Kloekhorst 2008: 485. Polysemy: 'to kill / to slay / to ruin'. A mi-conjugation verb; paradigm: kuen- / kun-. OH+. Its Luwian (H) correspondence can be seen in the scribe title kwananala-, literally 'engraver'. The basic Indo-Hittite root for 'to kill'.", "markup_description": "HED K: 206; Kloekhorst 2008: 485. Polysemy: 'to kill / to slay / to ruin'. A mi-conjugation verb; paradigm: kuen- / kun-. OH+. Its Luwian (H) correspondence can be seen in the scribe title kwananala-, literally 'engraver'. The basic Indo-Hittite root for 'to kill'.", "valueset_pk": 13573, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13573, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lHittiteOld", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 138, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "kuen- ", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 138, "parent_pk": 10, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "hitt1242", "ethnologue_code": "hit", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "HittiteOld", "name": "Hittite (Old)", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 40.0, "longitude": 35.0}, "name": "Hittite (Old)"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [35.0, 40.0]}, "id": "HittiteOld"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15622, "ipa": "n\u032aadi-ka ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lYandruwandha-0", "name": "n\u032aadi-ka {nhadika}", "description": "Breen 2015a: 68. The only example found {Tjukurru ngathu warrkananhana windrali, walya yinha nhadikangatji, kulkupawindringa nhunu wathi windra ngurru} \u201cI speared a kangaroo, but I didn\u2019t kill it and it hopped away with the spear [still in it]\u201d (Breen 2015a: 68).
The second candidate is t\u032ainka-ka with the only example {Wawawawana yintjadu, thinkakayila yina nhuludu} \u201cWatch him, or he'll kill you\u201d (Breen 2015a: 103). The difference between the two remains unclear. The both roots mean \u2018dead\u2019, -ka is a causative suffix.
Distinct from {parndri} \u2018hit, kick, kill; catch (animals, birds or fish); chop (wood); pound, crush; drive (a vehicle)\u2019, {parndri-pandhi} \u2018to kill\u2019 (an animal?) (Breen 2015a: 82).", "markup_description": "Breen 2015a: 68. The only example found {Tjukurru ngathu warrkananhana windrali, walya yinha nhadikangatji, kulkupawindringa nhunu wathi windra ngurru} \u201cI speared a kangaroo, but I didn\u2019t kill it and it hopped away with the spear [still in it]\u201d (Breen 2015a: 68).
The second candidate is t\u032ainka-ka with the only example {Wawawawana yintjadu, thinkakayila yina nhuludu} \u201cWatch him, or he'll kill you\u201d (Breen 2015a: 103). The difference between the two remains unclear. The both roots mean \u2018dead\u2019, -ka is a causative suffix.
Distinct from {parndri} \u2018hit, kick, kill; catch (animals, birds or fish); chop (wood); pound, crush; drive (a vehicle)\u2019, {parndri-pandhi} \u2018to kill\u2019 (an animal?) (Breen 2015a: 82).", "valueset_pk": 13792, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13792, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lYandruwandha", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 140, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}, {"pk": 15623, "ipa": "t\u032ainka-ka ", "cognate_class": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lYandruwandha-1", "name": "t\u032ainka-ka {thinka-ka}", "description": "Breen 2015a: 103.", "markup_description": "Breen 2015a: 103.", "valueset_pk": 13792, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13792, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lYandruwandha", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 140, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "n\u032aadi-ka {nhadika}, t\u032ainka-ka {thinka-ka}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 140, "parent_pk": 12, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "yand1253", "ethnologue_code": "ynd", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Yandruwandha", "name": "Yandruwandha", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -28.4744, "longitude": 140.583}, "name": "Yandruwandha"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [140.583, -28.4744]}, "id": "Yandruwandha"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 15742, "ipa": "upo ", "cognate_class": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lRotokas-0", "name": "upo {upo}", "description": "Firchow et al. 1973: 132; Firchow & Firchow 2008: 67. Polysemy \u2018to strike / to slap / to fight / to kill, murder\u2019. There are numerous examples of its use in the meaning \u2018to kill\u2019 in (Firchow & Firchow 2008).
Distinct from kopi-pie {kopipie} (Firchow et al. 1973: ; Firchow & Firchow 2008: ) \u2018to murder, to kill\u2019, not as frequent as upo {upo}.", "markup_description": "Firchow et al. 1973: 132; Firchow & Firchow 2008: 67. Polysemy \u2018to strike / to slap / to fight / to kill, murder\u2019. There are numerous examples of its use in the meaning \u2018to kill\u2019 in (Firchow & Firchow 2008).
Distinct from kopi-pie {kopipie} (Firchow et al. 1973: ; Firchow & Firchow 2008: ) \u2018to murder, to kill\u2019, not as frequent as upo {upo}.", "valueset_pk": 13902, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 13902, "jsondata": {}, "id": "cto-kill-lRotokas", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 141, "parameter_pk": 43, "contribution_pk": null, "source": null}}], "label": "upo {upo}", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6I0ZGNjYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 141, "parent_pk": 13, "family_pk": null, "glottocode_": "roto1249", "ethnologue_code": "roo", "rich_description": null, "xls_url": null, "nex_url": null, "description_file_url": null, "level": "language", "jsondata": {}, "id": "Rotokas", "name": "Rotokas", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -5.94339, "longitude": 155.154}, "name": "Rotokas"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [155.154, -5.94339]}, "id": "Rotokas"}]}